1,811,646 research outputs found
Risky culture. Harraga resistence practices.
No full textopenIl presente studio etnografico analizza l’esperienza migratoria dei giovani marocchini che decidono di intraprendere il viaggio verso l’Europa come “Harraga”, coloro che bruciano le frontiere, passando per Melilla, enclave spagnola situata in Marocco e direttamente connessa alle coste andaluse. L’ etnografia si sviluppa attraverso l'analisi di cinque biografie raccolte durante la ricerca sul campo e si struttura in base alle diverse fasi del viaggio, dalla scelta di abbandonare le proprie città fino all'arrivo a Melilla. Si dimostra che il risky, termine coniato dai giovani per rappresentare la pratica brutale di attraversare illegalmente le frontiere mettendo a rischio la propria vita, costituisce una dimensione che permea l'intero percorso migratorio e accompagna tutte le fasi del viaggio. La cultura del risky si configura come un insieme di conoscenze, pratiche, strategie e repertori condivisi che consentono ai soggetti di realizzare i progetti migratori, resistendo al potere e alle leggi che cercano di impedirlo. L'obiettivo della ricerca è quello di esplorare la cultura del risky, dando voce alle esperienze di coloro che la vivono in prima persona, dimostrando come il rischio non si limiti all’atto fisico di oltrepassare le frontiere, ma rappresenta anche la capacità di eludere alla repressione prodotta dai meccanismi e dispositivi di controllo che operano nei territori di frontiera per respingere i soggetti considerati illegali.This ethnographic study examines the migratory experience of young Moroccans who embark on a journey to Europe as “Harraga”, those who burn the borders, passing through Melilla, a Spanish enclave located in Morocco and directly connected to the Andalusian coasts. The ethnography unfolds through the analysis of five biographies collected during field research and is structured based on the different phases of the journey, from the decision to leave their cities to the arrival in Melilla. It demonstrates that “risky”, a term coined by the youth to represent the brutal practice of illegally crossing borders at the risk of their lives, constitutes a dimension that permeates the entire migratory process and accompanies every stage of the journey. The culture of risky encompasses a set of shared knowledge, practices, strategies, and repertoires that enable individuals to realize their migratory projects, resisting power and the laws that seek to hinder them. The aim of the research is to explore the culture of risky by giving voice to the firsthand experiences of those who live it, highlighting how risk goes beyond the physical act of crossing borders and represents the ability to evade repression produced by the mechanisms and control devices operating in the border territories to reject individuals considered illegal
RISKY BUSINESS: AN OUTSIDER’S ASSESSMENT
No full textThe rise of widespread digital storage of primary (and secondary or printed) sources has deeply changed the way how historians can exploit archival documents and data, producing datasets and databases that require even advanced quantitative methodologies to be analysed allowing to explore new avenues to the past and its narrations on previously inaccessible terrain. Risky business well epitomizes these tendencie
Stability and change in risky driving from the late teens to the late twenties
Get PDFThis paper examines patterns of risky driving from the late teens to the late twenties and identifies factors associated with persistence and change in risky driving tendencies.Key findings: Rates of risky driving remained fairly stable between the ages of 19-20 and 23-24 years, but had significantly decreased by 27-28 years. While there was a general trend for levels of risky driving to decrease, considerable variability was found in the risky driving patterns of individuals over this period. Antisocial behaviour appeared to be strongly linked to persistence and change in risky driving, adding support to the view that risky driving may form part of a broader underlying propensity to engage in problem behaviour(s). Low social skills were associated with an increasing propensity for risky driving among some young drivers. Binge drinking, gender, and parental status also differentiated between drivers who exhibited different across-time patterns of risky driving. These findings add to a growing body of research, which suggests that risky drivers are not identical - the factors that underlie their behaviour may differ
Are Drinkers Prone To Engage In Risky Sexual Behaviors?
Get PDFSexually transmitted diseases pose an important public health problem around the world. Although many studies have explored the link between alcohol use and risky sexual practices, the unobserved differences among individuals make it difficult to assess whether the associations are casual in nature. In order to overcome these difficulties, we have obtained data from the Spanish Health and Sexual Behavior Survey (2003) in order to analyze risky sexual behaviors using four alternative methodologies: controlling results with a rich set of variables; identifying the impact of alcohol use while assuming there is an identical selection outcome for observed and unobserved variables; estimating alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviors simultaneously based on instrumental variables; and using reduced-form equations to analyze the impact of alcohol prices and other alcohol policies on the likelihood of risky intercourse. We provide empirical evidence that alcohol abuse might increase the probability of risky sex and, more importantly, different alcohol policies are not only effective tools for reducing alcohol demand but also for controlling risky sexual behaviors.alcohol; sexually transmitted diseases; unobserved individual heterogeneity.
Default-risky Sovereign Debt
Get PDFNot only corporate but also sovereign debtors, in particular developing countries, may get into financial difficulties. Contrary to corporate issuers, they decide themselves if they continue to fulfill their debt obligations or convert their debt. I analyze the value of a default-risky sovereign bond in a setting in which foreign trade is reduced in case the country does not fulfill its obligations. Comparing the costs of debt service with the value of the punishment via foreign trade, the country voluntarily decides when to reorganize its debt. Knowing this threshold the value of a sovereign coupon-bond can be calculated.Credit risk, sovereign debt, endogenous default
Unraveling risky paths and journeys
No full textIn this chapter, we examine the third of our three key elements of risky places, namely risky paths and risky journeys, and explore this by considering the concept of street networks. Paths may be short distances and highly localized or connect places further apart. Routes traveled by individuals and groups may be short or extensive and consist of single or even multiple trips. Users may travel using a range of transport modes, for example, on foot, via bicycle, public transport, or other for-hire or private vehicles. For offenders and victims to be present in a risky place, they will have either traveled there from somewhere else or lived or worked there. However, risky places are generally not made risky by their residential population alone. What is often missing from our understanding of risky places is an understanding of the paths taken to reach these places. From a systems thinking perspective, we may ask what the purpose of these trips is and how they connect the different elements of a wider system together. This chapter reviews what is known about risky pathways and how we can reframe our ideas of traditional risky paths within a systems thinking approach.Part of ISBN 9781003281030QC 20241107</p
Introducing risky places for crime
No full textThis chapter outlines the aim, scope, and structure of the book. It provides a definition of ‘risky places’ and identifies their importance for crime and feelings of safety. We also introduce the need for new ways to understand the complex dynamics of these places. In this chapter, we justify why we advocate for a systems thinking for preventing crime in risky places. This approach considers the context of risky places and their interconnectedness with the broader urban system and supports a longer-term integrated approach. We emphasize the need for a shift in the analysis and governance of risky places through a systems thinking lens. Part of ISBN 9781003281030QC 20241106</p
Identifying risky facilities
No full textIn this chapter, we examine the first of our three key elements of risky places and discuss what we know about risky facilities. We explore several examples of risky facilities, including bars, libraries, schools, banks, and bus stops. We review what we know about crime concentration and disproportionality at each of these facilities and discuss possible reasons why a small proportion of each type of facility accounts for most of the crime and disorder problems experienced by all facilities of that type. We assess potential commonalities and differences between the identified risky facilities in terms of types of environments, users, types of available services or products, and spatial and temporal contexts that make these facilities more of a target than others. We consider mismatches between crime and fear of crime when risky facilities are perceived as safe but reported crime rates are low. By bringing in examples from different country contexts, we can critically assess potential similarities and differences and identify pertinent features of risky places that hold true across multiple contexts.Part of ISBN 9781003281030QC 20241107</p
Reward context determines risky choice in pigeons and humans
Get PDFWhereas humans are risk averse for monetary gains, other animals can be risk seeking for food rewards, especially when faced with variable delays or under significant deprivation. A key difference between these findings is that humans are often explicitly told about the risky options, whereas non-human animals must learn about them from their own experience. We tested pigeons (Columba livia) and humans in formally identical choice tasks where all outcomes were learned from experience. Both species were more risk seeking for larger rewards than for smaller ones. The data suggest that the largest and smallest rewards experienced are overweighted in risky choice. This observed bias towards extreme outcomes represents a key step towards a consilience of these two disparate literatures, identifying common features that drive risky choice across phyla
Revisiting the theoretical foundations of risky places
No full textIn this chapter, we review key place-based theories that have conventionally been used to understand crime patterns at risky places. We review salient ideas that have informed our knowledge of risky places, linked to patterns in place and time, the interaction between people and their environments, and why and how factors converge at particular places and times to develop concentrated pockets or opportunities for crime. We acknowledge how these can be considered at different scales, and we discuss why we break down risky places into three key elements: risky facilities, risky nodes, and risky pathways and journeys. We also explore some factors that make people feel unsafe in risky places. We then explore the principal components of systems thinking identified in Chapter 2 and consider how these can support and add value to conventional place-based approaches to preventing crime at risky places.Part of ISBN 9781003281030QC 20241107</p
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