1,721,001 research outputs found
How hard was that? Context effects on judgments of effort
No full textHow do individuals make judgments of effort? Despite cognitive effort being a central construct in scholarship, as well as an influential concept in day-to-day life, we have a limited understanding of how individuals determine the effort associated with cognitive acts. Recent work has demonstrated that judgments of effort can be influenced by the context in which they are made (i.e., the judgment context). I employed a reading task and stimulus set that has produced a reliable dissociation between judgments of effort and cognitive demand to further investigate contextual influences on effort judgments. Specifically, I manipulated the context (i.e., the evaluation context) in which individuals read and judged the stimuli; collected individuals’ reasons for their effort judgments; and measured objective demand (i.e., reading times, error counts). In Experiments 1-4, I determined that this context manipulation did not seem to eliminate the dissociation between judgments of effort and objective demand; however, I revealed that evaluation context has a robust effect on judgments of effort. Furthermore, individuals’ reasons varied just as markedly across evaluation contexts. In Experiments 5-7, I extended this work by manipulating the context in which individuals read the stimuli (i.e., the stimulus context) while holding the judgment context constant. Individuals’ reasons for judgment suggested that the cues used to make effort judgments are influenced by the stimulus context, with both judgments and reasons exhibiting notable changes across stimulus contexts. Implications of these results, including how they guide our understanding of the effort judgment process, are discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Neural Plasticity in Lower- and Higher-Level Visual Cortex Processing
Get PDFabstract: Perceptual learning by means of coherent motion training paradigms has been shown to produce plasticity in lower and higher-level visual systems within the human occipital lobe both supra- and subliminally. However, efficiency of training methods that produce consolidation in the visual system via coherent motion has yet to be experimentally determined. Furthermore, the effects of coherent motion training on reading comprehension, in clinical and normal populations, are still nascent. In the present study, 20 participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions. Two conditions had a participation requirement of four days while two conditions required eight days of participation. These conditions were further divided into 500 or 1000 trials per day (4 x 500, 4 x 1000, 8 x 500, 8 x 1000). Additional pre-test and post-test days were used to attain timed pre- and post-tests on the Wide Range Achievement Test IV (WRAT IV) reading comprehension battery. Furthermore, a critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT) score was taken on a macular pigment densitometer on the pre-test and post-test day. Participants showed significant improvement in CFFT levels, WRAT IV reading comprehension, and speed of completion between pre-test and post-test; however, degree of improvement did not vary as a function of training condition. An interaction between training condition and degree of improvement was evident in coherent dot motion contrast scores, with significant training plasticity occurring in the 4 x 1000 and 8 x 500 conditions.Dissertation/ThesisM.S. Psychology 201
Basic Processes in Reading: The Role of Spatial Attention in Visual Word Processing
Get PDFThe present thesis is concerned with the role of spatial attention in visual word processing. Eleven experiments are reported each of which consists of the combination of a manipulation of spatial attention (i.e., cue validity) with a manipulation of word processing. Five different manipulations of word processing were employed (1) long lag repetition priming, (2) case mixing, (3) inter-letter spacing, (4) the presence/absence of irrelevant features, and (5) set size. The conjoint effects of these factors were used to infer the role of spatial attention in visual word processing. Discussion focuses on integrating the present results into a viable theory and outlining future directions
Examining the Implications of Internet Usage for Memory and Cognition: Prospects and Promise
No full text©American Psychological Association, 2019. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. The final article is available, upon publication, at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.12.006For correspondence, please contact Evan F. Risko at [email protected]. This work was
supported by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
Canada (NSERC), an Early Researcher Award from the Province of Ontario and funding from the
Canada Research Chairs program to E.F.R
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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