2,303,396 research outputs found
The pursuit of clarity, precision and unambiguity in drafting retrospective legislation
No full textThis dissertation suggests that clarity, precision and unambiguity are the essential tools for expressing retrospective intent, which is a pre-requisite for quality and validity of retrospective legislation. The author analyses common arguments against retrospectivity and goes on to show that retrospective laws are valid, if the retrospective intent is expressed in clear, precise and unambiguous words within the statute. The importance of plain language and Gender-Neutral drafting is demonstrated
Unemployment, retrospective error, and life satisfaction
Full text linkI compare current and one-year retrospective data on unemployment in the German SOEP. 13 percent of all unemployment spells are not reported one year later, and another 7 percent are misreported. The ratio of retrospective to current unemployment (as a measure of unemployment salience) has increased in recent years and it is related to the loss in life satisfaction associated with unemployment. Individuals with weak labor force attachment, e.g. women with children or individuals close to retirement, have the largest propensity to underreport unemployment retrospectively. The data are consistent with evidence on retrospective bias found by cognitive psychologists and survey methodologists.
Measurement error in long-term retrospective recall surveys of earnings
No full textSeveral recent studies in labour and population economics use retrospective surveys to substitute for the high cost and limited availability of longitudinal survey data. Although a single interview can obtain a lifetime history, inaccurate long-term recall could make such retrospective surveys a poor substitute for longitudinal surveys, especially if it induces non-classical error that makes conventional statistical corrections less effective. In this paper, we use the unique Panel Study of Income Dynamics Validation Study to assess the accuracy of long-term recall data. We find underreporting of transitory events. This recall error creates a non-classical measurement error problem. A limited cost-benefit analysis is also conducted, showing how savings from using a cheaper retrospective recall survey might be compared with the cost of applying the less accurate recall data to a specific policy objective such as designing transfers to reduce chronic poverty
Author Co-Citation Analysis (ACA): a powerful tool for representing implicit knowledge of scholar knowledge workers
Full text linkIn the last decade, knowledge has emerged as one of the most important and valuable organizational assets. Gradually this importance caused to emergence of new discipline entitled ―knowledge management‖. However one of the major challenges of knowledge management is conversion implicit or tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. Thus Making knowledge visible so that it can be better accessed, discussed, valued or generally managed is a long-standing objective in knowledge management. Accordingly in this paper author co- citation analysis (ACA) will be proposed as an efficient technique of knowledge visualization in academia (Scholar knowledge workers)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Controlling response shift bias: The use of the retrospective pre-test design in the evaluation of a master's programme
Full text linkStudent self-report measures of change are widely used in evaluation research to
measure the impact and outcomes of an educational programme or intervention.
Traditionally the measures used to evaluate the impact of an educational programme
on student outcomes and the extent to which students change is a comparison of the
student’s pre-test scores with their post-test scores. However, this method of evaluating
change may be problematic due to the confounding factor of response shift bias.
Response shift bias occurs when the student’s internal frame of reference of the
construct being measured, for example research ability or critical thinking, changes
between the pre-test and the post-test due to the influence of the educational programme. To control for response shift bias the retrospective pre-test method was
used to evaluate the outcomes achieved from students completing a research module
at master’s level. The retrospective pre-test method differs from the traditional pre-test-post-test design in that both post-test and pre-test perceptions of respondents are
collected at the same time. The findings indicated that response shift bias was evident
in student self-reports of change, especially in subjects the student had been
previously exposed to at undergraduate level. The retrospective pre-test design found
that the programme had significantly greater impact on outcomes that that identified
using the traditional pre‐test–post‐test design leading to the conclusion that students
may overestimate their ability at the commencement of an educational programme.
The retrospective pre-test design is not a replacement for the traditional pre‐test–post‐test measures but may be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of the impact of educational programmes on student outcomes.TS 12.03.1
Asking Retrospective Questions in Household Surveys: Evidence from Vietnam
Full text linkAsking retrospective questions about consumption and income has become an important part of household surveys and research in developing countries. While recall errors in retrospective data may generate estimation biases, the nature and the magnitude of the errors are largely unknown, especially in the context of developing countries. To fill this gap in the existing studies, we collect unique household data from Vietnam, a resurvey of respondents of the Vietnam Health and Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) 2006. This combined data allows us to investigate a variety of errors associated with recall surveys and the size of consumption categories in questionnaires. Our empirical results suggest that asking for total expenditure, rather than categorical expenditure, will cause fewer recall errors in a retrospective survey. This is especially true in the case of purchased or bartered consumption expenditure. Our results also suggest that while recall errors in the categorical sum of expenditure may exhibit mean-reverting patterns, retrospective total expenditure data is less likely to involve problems of mean reverting measurement error.
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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