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Kajian Risiko Aflatoksin M1 dalam Produk Formula untuk Bayi dan Anak usia 0-36 Bulan
No full textAflatoksin M1 (AFM1) adalah metabolit dari hidroksilasi aflatoksin B1,
bersifat karsinogenik dan terdapat pada susu dan produk berbahan dasar susu,
termasuk produk formula bayi dan anak. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan
hubungan antara paparan aflatoksin M1 dengan gangguan pertumbuhan pada bayi
dan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian risiko AFM1 pada bayi
dan anak usia 0-36 bulan melalui konsumsi produk formula. Tahapan dalam
penelitian ini adalah melakukan kajian paparan AFM1 pada produk formula untuk
bayi dan anak usia 0-36 bulan dan selanjutnya karakterisasi risiko AFM1. Kajian
paparan dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) dengan
menggunakan data konsentrasi AFM1 dan data konsumsi produk formula. Data
konsentrasi AFM1 diperoleh dari data yang tercantum pada Certificate of Analysis
(CoA) produk formula yang terdaftar di BPOM pada periode Januari 2015 hingga
Juni 2018. Untuk perhitungan rata-rata konsentrasi AFM1 dan kajian paparan
AFM1, konsentrasi AFM1 yang tidak terdeteksi (no detected atau ND)
dinyatakan dengan nilai 0 pada skenario lower bound (LB) dan dinyatakan nilai
limit deteksi ( Limit of Detection atau LOD) untuk skenario upper bound (UB).
Data konsumsi yang digunakan adalah data konsumsi berdasarkan anjuran pelaku
usaha dan data konsumsi berdasarkan survei konsumsi makanan individu (SKMI)
tahun 2015 dari Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Karakterisasi risiko ditetapkan
dengan menggunakan indeks bahaya, yaitu rasio antara EDI dan threshold dose 50
(TD50) AFM1 (10.38 mcg/kgBB) dibagi safety factor (50000). Selain indeks
bahaya, karakterisasi risiko juga ditetapkan dengan nilai margin of exposure
(MoE), yaitu rasio antara TD50 dengan EDI.
Berdasarkan data CoA pada pendaftaran pangan dan data LOD AFM1,
konsentrasi AFM1 pada produk formula berkisar antara tidak terdeteksi hingga
0.250 ng/g. LOD dari analisis AFM1 yang tercantum pada CoA berkisar antara
0.01 sampai dengan 0.025 ng/g. Konsentrasi rata-rata AFM1 pada formula bayi,
formula lanjutan dan formula pertumbuhan untuk skenario LB adalah 0.023,
0.042 dan 0.004 ng/g. Nilai rata-rata konsentrasi ini semuanya masih dibawah
batas maksimum AFM1 pada produk susu (0.5 ng/g) seperti tercantum dalam
Peraturan BPOM No.HK.00.06.1.52.4011 tentang Penetapan Batas Maksimum
Cemaran Mikroba dan Kimia dalam Makanan tahun 2009. Dalam hal ini,
konsentrasi rata-rata AFM1 tertinggi terdapat pada formula lanjutan dengan
konsentrasi sekitar dua kali lebih tinggi dari formula bayi dan sekitar sebelas kali
lebih tinggi dari formula pertumbuhan. Nilai EDI rata-rata AFM1 untuk bayi usia
0-6 bulan, 6-12 bulan dan anak usia 1-3 tahun berdasarkan survei konsumsi
individu untuk skenario LB adalah 0.260, 0.282 dan 0.029 ng/kgBB/hari. Nilai
EDI rata-rata AFM1 untuk bayi usia 0-6 bulan, 6-12 bulan dan anak usia 1-3
tahun berdasarkan konsumsi anjuran pelaku usaha untuk skenario LB adalah
0.403, 0.663 dan 0.031 ng/kgBB/hari. Nilai indeks bahaya rata-rata AFM1
berdasarkan EDI anjuran pelaku usaha dan EDI survei konsumsi individu untuk
skenario LB yang nilainya lebih dari satu terdapat pada kelompok usia 0-6 bulan
dan 6-12 bulan.
iv
Konsentrasi rata-rata AFM1 pada formula bayi, formula lanjutan dan
formula pertumbuhan untuk skenario UB adalah 0.034, 0.051, dan 0.012 ng/g.
Nilai rata-rata konsentrasi ini masih memenuhi ketentuan Peraturan BPOM
No.HK.00.06.1.52.4011 tahun 2009. Dalam hal ini, konsentrasi rata-rata AFM1
tertinggi terdapat pada formula lanjutan dengan konsentrasi sekitar satu setengah
kali lebih tinggi dari formula bayi dan sekitar empat kali lebih tinggi dari formula
pertumbuhan. Nilai EDI rata-rata AFM1untuk bayi usia 0-6 bulan, 6-12 bulan dan
anak usia 1-3 tahun berdasarkan konsumsi individu untuk skenario UB adalah
0.386, 0.343 dan 0.092 ng/kgBB/hari. Nilai EDI rata-rata AFM1 untuk bayi usia
0-6 bulan, 6-12 bulan dan anak usia 1-3 tahun berdasarkan konsumsi anjuran
pelaku usaha pada skenario UB adalah 0.598, 0.809 dan 0.098 ng/kgBB/hari.
Indeks bahaya rata-rata AFM1 berdasarkan EDI anjuran pelaku usaha dan EDI
survei konsumsi individu pada skenario UB yang nilainya lebih dari satu terdapat
pada kelompok usia 0-6 bulan dan 6-12 bulan, sedangkan pada kelompok usia 1-3
tahun indeks bahaya rata-rata AFM1 kurang dari 1.
Perhitungan indeks bahaya berdasarkan EDI anjuran pelaku usaha dan EDI
survei konsumsi individu, untuk LB atau UB, menunjukkan bahwa pada bayi
hingga usia 12 bulan memiliki risiko kesehatan dari paparan AFM1. Meskipun
anak pada usia 1-3 tahun memiliki risiko kesehatan yang rendah dengan melihat
paparan rata-rata berdasarkan berdasarkan EDI anjuran pelaku usaha dan EDI
survei konsumsi individu, tetapi pada P95 berdasarkan EDI survei konsumsi
individu menunjukkan paparan yang lebih tinggi sehingga nilai indeks bahayanya
lebih dari 1. Hasil perhitungan dari nilai MoE menunjukkan tingkat risiko yang
setara yang diperoleh dengan nilai indeks bahaya. Mengingat AFM1 merupakan
hasil metabolit dari AFB1 yang berasal dari pakan hewan dan sifat AFM1 yang
tahan panas pada proses pengolahan susu, diperlukan upaya untuk menekan
konsentrasi AFB1 pada pakan, utamanya pada pakan sapi. Terhadap produk
formula yang beredar diperlukan monitoring berkala terhadap kandungan AFM1
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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