1,355,187 research outputs found
Projection methods and scenarios for public and private pension information
No full textPublic pensions - the primary pillar of old-age income provision - will, in the future, be less generous than they have been in the past, in particular owing to the impact of demographic change. The pension gap is supposed to be plugged by the second and third pillars of pension provision. However, people require reliable planning information if they are to exercise greater individual responsibility. It is therefore absolutely essential that adequate information is made available about the level of pension benefits that will be generated by each pillar of old-age pension provision. This paper outlines a number of different means of presenting the level of future pensions and the assumptions on which such extrapolations are necessarily based. Our work is based on an assumed average rate of inflation of 1.5% and an average rate of real income growth not exceeding 1.5%. This last figure is derived from calculations made in the framework of a macroeconomic simulation model. This model also shows that while the funded pillar of old-age pension provision is not entirely immune to population aging, it is not substantially threatened by a substantial decrease in stock market prices, the so-called "asset meltdown".
Projection methods and scenarios for public and private pension information
No full textPublic pensions – the primary pillar of old-age income provision – will, in the future, be less generous than they have been in the past, in particular owing to the impact of demographic change. The pension gap is supposed to be plugged by the second and third pillars of pension provision. However, people require reliable planning information if they are to exercise greater individual responsibility. It is therefore absolutely essential that adequate information is made available about the level of pension benefits that will be generated by each pillar of old-age pension provision. This paper outlines a number of different means of presenting the level of future pensions and the assumptions on which such extrapolations are necessarily based. Our work is based on an assumed average rate of inflation of 1.5% and an average rate of real income growth not exceeding 1.5%. This last figure is derived from calculations made in the framework of a macroeconomic simulation model. This model also shows that while the funded pillar of oldage pension provision is not entirely immune to population aging, it is not substantially threatened by a substantial decrease in stock market prices, the so-called “asset meltdown”.
Los aportes de Johann Christian Reil al nacimiento de la psiquiatría
No full textThe Rhapsodieen by Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813), edited in 1803, gave a crucial boost to care and treatment reforms for the mentally ill in Prussia. Reil, professor at the University of Halle, maintained that the causes of human illnesses cannot be distinguished as purely mental, chemical of physical, but as the result of an essential interaction among these three domains. Also, he formulated the basis of a new specialty, which he called psychiatry; he proposed the rights of people with mental illness, denounced the effects of the social stigma affecting them, defended the creation of specialized institutions which are adequate for them, stressed the responsibility of the government and the whole society for the citizens afflicted with these disorders, and proposed psychic cure as a fundamental treatment, both for mental and somatic illnesses, at a level equivalent to pharmacological treatments and surgery.Las Rhapsodieen… de Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813), editadas en 1803, dieron un impulso decisivo para las reformas de la atención y el tratamiento de los enfermos mentales en Prusia. Reil, profesor en la Universidad de Halle, sostenía que las causas de las enfermedades humanas no se pueden distinguir entre puramente mentales, químicas o físicas, sino que resultan de una esencial interacción entre estos tres dominios. Además, formuló las bases de una nueva especialidad, a la que denominó psiquiatría, planteó los derechos de los enfermos mentales, denunció los efectos del estigma social que los afecta, defendió la creación de instituciones especializadas adecuadas para ellos, enfatizó la responsabilidad del gobierno y la sociedad toda ante los ciudadanos aquejados de esos trastornos y propuso a la cura psíquica como un tratamiento esencial, tanto para las enfermedades mentales como para las somáticas, en un plano equivalente a los tratamientos farmacológicos y a la cirugía
Cuando Reil dejó a Kant para leer a Schelling: el nacimiento de la psiquiatría
No full textThis paper shows the contribution of German philosophy to the birth of psychiatry at the beginning of the 19th century. The physician and father of the term psychiatry (Psychiatrie), Johann Christian Reil, will evolve in his thinking. This evolution is due to the transition from a first stage, as a chemical reductionist, to a second stage, close to the philosophy of nature. The transition in his thinking occurs with Reil's change of philosophical orientation: from Kantian critical philosophy to Schelling's philosophy, with the consequence that Reil proposes psychiatry as a discipline.En el presenta artículo se muestra el aporte de la filosofía alemana al nacimiento de la psiquiatría a inicios del siglo XIX. El médico y padre del término psiquiatría (Psychiatrie), Johann Christian Reil evolucionará en su pensamiento. Esta evolución se debe al paso entre una primera etapa, como reduccionista químico, a una segunda etapa, cercano a la filosofía de la naturaleza. El tránsito en su pensamiento se produce con el cambio de orientación filosófica de Reil: de la filosofía crítica kantiana a la filosofía de Schelling, teniendo como consecuencia que Reil proponga la psiquiatría como disciplina
A Note on the Equivalence of Rationalizability Concepts in Generalized Nice Games
No full textMoulin (1984) describes the class of nice games for which the solution concept of point-rationalizability coincides with iterated elimination of strongly dominated strategies. As a consequence nice games have the desirable property that all rationalizability concepts determine the same strategic solution. However, nice games are characterized by rather strong assumptions. For example, only single-valued best responses are admitted and the individual strategy sets have to be convex and compact subsets of the real line R1. This note shows that equivalence of all rationalizability concepts can be extended to multi-valued best response correspondences. The surprising finding is that equivalence does not hold for individual strategy sets that are compact and convex subsets of Rn with n>1.
Modeling the Use of Nonrenewable Resources Using a Genetic Algorithm
No full textThis paper shows, how a genetic algorithm (GA) can be used to model an economic process: the interaction of profit-maximizing oil-exploration firms that compete with each other for a limited amount of oil. After a brief introduction to the concept of multi-agent-modeling in economics, a GA-based resource-economic model is developed. Several model runs based on different economic policy assumptions are presented and discussed in order to show how the GA-model can be used to gain insight into the dynamic properties of economic systems. The remainder outlines deficiencies of GA-based multi-agent approaches and sketches how the present model can be improved.
When Reil Left Kant to Read Schelling: the Birth of Psychiatry
No full textEn el presenta artículo se muestra el aporte de la filosofía alemana al nacimiento de la psiquiatría a inicios del siglo XIX. El médico y padre del término psiquiatría (Psychiatrie), Johann Christian Reil evolucionará en su pensamiento. Esta evolución se debe al paso entre una primera etapa, como reduccionista químico, a una segunda etapa, cercano a la filosofía de la naturaleza. El tránsito en su pensamiento se produce con el cambio de orientación filosófica de Reil: de la filosofía crítica kantiana a la filosofía de Schelling, teniendo como consecuencia que Reil proponga la psiquiatría como disciplina.This paper shows the contribution of German philosophy to the birth of psychiatry at the beginning of the 19th century. The physician and father of the term psychiatry (Psychiatrie), Johann Christian Reil, evolves in his thinking. This evolution is due to the transition from a first stage, as a chemical reductionist, to a second stage, close to the philosophy of nature. The transition in his thinking occurs with Reil’s change of philosophical orientation: from Kantian critical philosophy to Schelling’s philosophy, with the consequence that Reil proposes psychiatry as a discipline
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