1,720,972 research outputs found
Alternative organizing with social purpose: Revisiting institutional analysis of market-based activity
No full textGiven rampant economic inequality, social exclusion and overconsumption, organizing in markets increasingly focuses on leveraging commercial activity for a social purpose. Alternative forms of organizing have developed to overcome the deficiencies of contemporary capitalism. They have become prevalent in numerous institutional contexts through types of organizations such as social enterprises, cooperatives and platform-based sharing economy organizations. Our objective is to ignite research on alternative organizing. We build on two important institutional perspectives, Neo-institutionalism and Comparative Capitalism, to investigate how these organizations diverge from the archetypal corporation. In addition, we develop a framework to guide institutional analysis of the origins, enabling conditions and consequences of alternative organizing in contemporary markets and society. We conclude by laying out pathways for future research
Friedrich Fröbels dritte Gabe als Fördermaterial zur Verbesserung des räumlich-visuellen Vorstellungsvermögens. Eine empirische Studie im Rahmen des Förderunterrichts Mathematik im Übergangssystem an der beruflichen Förderschule
Get PDFIn dieser Arbeit werden theoretische und empirische Aspekte der Förderung des räumlich-visuellen Vorstellungsvermögens mittels der dritten Fröbel-Gabe an einer beruflichen Förderschule beschrieben. Obwohl Fröbels Material seit beinahe 200 Jahren der Pädagogik bekannt ist, wurde anscheinend nie in förderberufsschulspezifischen Settings damit gearbeitet. Auch liegen keine Hinweise auf empirische Studien zum Einsatz des Materials aus frühpädagogischen Einrichtungen oder Schulen vor. Um diese Forschungslücke bezogen auf den Einsatz des Materials in der Schule zumindest zum Teil zu füllen, wird diese Arbeit zweiteilig aufgebaut: Im ersten Teil werden die theoretischen Grundlagen zu Fröbel, seine Biografie, sein Gabensystem und sein Verständnis von Mathematik beleuchtet. Im zweiten Teil schließt sich eine empirische Studie zur Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit der dritten Fröbel-Gabe als Fördermaterial im Mathematikunterricht an. (Autor)This thesis describes theoretical and empirical aspects of the promotion of spatial-visual imagination by means of the third Froebel gift at a vocational special school. Although Froebel\u27s material has been known to pedagogues for almost 200 years, it seems that it has never been used in settings specific to vocational schools. There are also no references to empirical studies on the use of the material from early childhood education institutions or schools. In order to at least partially fill this research gap in relation to the use of the material in schools, this paper is structured in two parts: In the first part, the theoretical foundations of Froebel, his biography, his system of giving and his understanding of mathematics are examined. The second part is followed by an empirical study to test the effectiveness of the third Froebel gift as a support material in mathematics lessons. (Author
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Institutionelle und organisationale Bestimmungsfaktoren der Einführung von Corporate Social Responsibility-Maßnahmen
No full textPrivate governance, whereby firms devise and implement rules that govern the
social issues that arise from their economic operations, has become
increasingly relevant for modern corporations. Private governance pertains to
stakeholder issues as diverse as human rights, consumer safety, and
environmental pollution. However, our knowledge about the conditions under
which firms adopt programs and policies by which they declare responsibility
for such issues, known as corporate social responsibility (CSR), is still
underdeveloped. Extant research has presented ambiguous arguments whether CSR
may complement or substitute for regulation, so that no comprehensive theory
of the institutional influences on CSR adoption exists. Additionally,
differences in kinds of CSR may emerge given different institutional contexts
and organizational characteristics. The papers in this dissertation contribute
to a richer theory on the conditions under which CSR emerges as a distinct
mode of governance that is different from state regulation. Using data on
issue-specific and detailed CSR adoption, the papers focus on two drivers of
CSR: the institutional contexts of a firm and its internal capacities that
shape awareness of stakeholder issues. In two papers, datasets of detailed
subsidiary ownership of multinational corporations (MNCs) are used to measure
distinct kinds of stakeholder expectations that originate in companies’ home
and host country institutions and their influence on European MNCs’ CSR
adoption. The first main contribution is that, in contrast to prior studies,
CSR can – paradoxically – serve as both a substitute for and complement to
regulatory institutions. In the third paper, a longitudinal dataset of
symbolic and substantive changes in CSR adoption in US corporations was
constructed to test how stakeholder challenges and CSR-related organizational
characteristics affect the uptake of different forms of symbolic and
substantive CSR. Here, the contribution is the finding that the quality of CSR
can differ depending on how organizations focus attention of their members on
the stakeholder environment. In this regard, it is shown that companies with
CSR-oriented organizational features, such as a board-level CSR committee and
employee sustainability training, tend to adopt substantive private
governance.Private Formen von „Governance“, durch die Firmen die sozialen Dimensionen und
Konsequenzen ihres wirtschaftlichen Handelns regulieren, haben für moderne
Unternehmen enorm an Bedeutung gewonnen und kommen in höchst unterschiedlichen
Bereichen wie Menschenrechte, Kundensicherheit und Umweltverschmutzung zur
Geltung. Dennoch sind unsere Kenntnisse über die Entstehungsbedingungen von
Maßnahmen, durch die Firmen eine Verantwortung für solche Bereiche deklarieren
– auch bekannt als „Corporate Social Responsibility“ (CSR) – stark begrenzt.
Die bestehende Forschung präsentiert ein unklares Bild darüber, ob CSR
staatliche Regulierung komplementiert oder sie ersetzen kann, sodass keine
umfassende Theorie der institutionellen Bestimmungsfaktoren von CSR
exisitiert. Hinzu kommt, dass CSR qualitativ unterschiedliche Formen je nach
institutionellem Umfeld und organisationalen Charakteristiken annehmen kann.
In diesem Sinne trägt diese Dissertation zur Bildung einer umfangreicheren
Theorie der Entstehung von CSR als einer eigenen Form der Regulierung bei. Mit
Rückgriff auf bereichsspezifische und detaillierte CSR-Daten werden zwei
Faktorengruppen der CSR-Einführung untersucht: die institutionellen Umwelten
der Firma, sowie die internen Organisationskapazitäten der Sensibilisierung
auf Stakeholder. Zwei der drei Artikel nutzen detaillierte Daten zu
ausländischen Tochtergesellschaften, um den Einfluss von Institutionen in
Heimat- und Gastländern auf die CSR-Einführung in europäischen multinationalen
Unternehmen zu messen. Der erste Hauptbeitrag der Dissertation besteht darin,
zu zeigen, dass CSR im Gegensatz zur bestehenden Literatur paradoxerweise
sowohl komplementär zu bestehender Regulierung als auch substituierend zu
solcher entstehen kann. Das dritte Papier nutzt Längsschnittdaten zu
symbolischer und substantieller CSR-Einführung in US-Unternehmen, um den
Einfluss externer Stakeholder durch negative Medienberichterstattung und CSR-
bezogene Unternehmensstrukturen zu messen. In diesem Artikel wird gezeigt,
dass die Qualität privater Governance durch die Art und Weise, in der
Organisationen das Bewusstsein und die Aufmerksamkeit ihrer Mitglieder auf
Stakeholder steuern, beeinflusst wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Firmen mit
Stakeholder-spezifischen Strukturen wie CSR-Ausschüssen und
Nachhaltigkeitstrainings substantielle Formen privater Governance einsetzen
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Policies without plans?:Sequential CSR responses and the role of resources for policy implementation
No full textResearch on organizational responsiveness to stakeholder pressure has often assumed that firms are capable of intentionally selecting symbolic or substantive responses as such pressures occur. As such, decoupling – gaps between policy adoption and implementation – results from strategic considerations by managers. In this paper, we rethink these assumptions and develop a theory of sequential responses to stakeholder pressure. We show that sequential responses – whereby firms exhibit time gaps between policy adoption and their implementation and decoupling is temporary – are a common empirical occurrence. Focusing on the key role of organizational resources, we hypothesize that the likelihood of sequential responses and the timing of implementation depend on the availability of structural and attentional resources that enable firms to implement policies faster. We find considerable support for our hypotheses using a sample of US firms in the issue domain of consumer safety
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