18 research outputs found
Ocene in stališča zaposlenih na centrih za socialno delo do sodelovanja s policisti - študija primera : diplomsko delo univerzitetnega študija
No full textV teoretičnem delu avtorica predstavi instituciji, katerih sodelovanje proučuje v empiričnem delu. Ti dve instituciji sta policija in centri za socialno delo. Avtorica predstavi notranjo organizacijo policije, in sicer generalno policijsko upravo, policijske uprave in policijske postaje. V nadaljevanju govori o temeljnih policijskih nalogah, pozornost pa posveti tudi novi filozofiji opravljanja policijskega dela — v skupnost usmerjeno policijsko delo. V drugem sklopu teoretičnega dela se avtorica posveti centrom za socialno delo. Predstavi metode in področja socialnega dela ter posamezne centre za socialno delo, ki so sodelovali v anketiranju. V zadnjem delu pa nameni pozornost sodelovanju med centri za socialno delo in policijo ter zakonski ureditvi za sodelovanje.
Avtorica v empiričnem delu proučuje ocene in stališča zaposlenih na centrih za socialno delo Domžale, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kranj, Radovljica, Škofja Loka in Tržič do sodelovanja s policisti policijskih postaj Bled, Domžale, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kranj, Kranjska Gora, Radovljica, Škofja Loka in Tržič. Posebej se osredotoči na proučevanje kakovosti službenih odnosov, službenega komuniciranja, načina reševanja službenih problemov, poznavanja pooblastil tako centrov za socialno delo kot policije, možnosti izboljšanja sodelovanja in ocen interpersonalnih kompetenc policistov.
Na podlagi rezultatov avtorica ugotovi, da je sodelovanje med centri za socialno delo Domžale, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kranj, Radovljica, Škofja Loka in Tržič ter policisti policijskih postaj Bled, Domžale, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kranj, Kranjska Gora, Radovljica, Škofja Loka in Tržič dobro, vendar pa so izboljšave še možne in ne nazadnje tudi potrebne.The theoretical part opens with the presentation of the two institutions whose cooperation will be discussed in the empirical part. The institutions in question are the police force and social work centers. The author describes internal organization of the police force, namely General Police Directorate, Police Directorates and police stations. The paper then identifies the main tasks of the police force and addresses the new police work performance philosophy – community policing approaches. The second part of the theoretical section introduces social work centers. Their methods and work scope are presented and a description of the social work centers that participated in the poll is given. The last part focuses on the cooperation between social work centers and the police force and on legal regulations of such cooperation.
The empirical part reviews evaluations and viewpoints of social workers in Domžale, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kranj, Radovljica, Škofja Loka and Tržič, regarding the cooperation with police officers from Bled, Domžale, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kranj, Kranjska Gora, Radovljica, Škofja Loka and Tržič police stations. The author focuses particularly on reviewing the quality of workplace relations, workplace communication, problem solving, familiarity with the powers social centers and polices forces have, the possibilities of improving the cooperation and evaluating interpersonal competence of police officers.
Based on these findings the author obverses that cooperation between social work centers Domžale, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kranj, Radovljica, Škofja Loka and Tržič and police officers from Bled, Domžale, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kranj, Kranjska Gora, Radovljica, Škofja Loka and Tržič police stations is goodhowever, improvement is not only possible but necessary
Model of a quasi-one-dimensional spin glass
No full textWe consider a system of linear chains of Ising spins with short-range nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic interactions of strength K along the chains, and with infinite-range random interchain interactions of a Sherrington-Kirkpatrick type. Also included in the model is a local Gaussian random field with variance Δ. In the replica symmetric case, the system is mapped exactly on the one-dimensional Ising model in a random field and a recursion method for calculating the spin-correlation functions is developed. For Δ=0, an analytic relation for freezing temperature Tf (K) is obtained. The replica-symmetric spin-glass phase is shown to be stable above the freezing temperature Tf (K,Δ), which is determined numerically.</p
Creativity of biotechnological immunology: invention, naturalness and being
No full textThe article discusses three intertwined issues posed by the modern biotechnological immunology and its creativity potential: invention, naturalness and Being. In the first part, the author reflects on evolutionary paradigm and Peter Sloterdijk’s theory of immunology, particularly in their relation to the biotechnological enhancement of human beings. The second part discusses Being’s own naturalness and the possibility of creative invention. In the third part, the author combines these viewpoints to highlight some metaphysical challenges of biotechnological immunology. Most importantly the forgotten question of what does it mean to be, especially after the postmetaphysical annulment of the possibility of death. The core thesis argues for the naturalness of the creative biotechnological practice for preventive and reparative purposes.
First published online: 11 Apr 201
POMEMBNEJŠI SLOVENSKI BIOGRAFSKI PRISPEVKI O MISIJONARJU IN IZSELJENSKEM DUHOVNIKU FRANCU PIRCU
No full textThe Slovene electronic bibliographical database COBISS, otherwise quite useful and preciuos as a starting point to various researches, yet rather incomplete mainly in regard of older publications, cites approximately 20 bibliographical units on the Slovene priest, promoter of fruit growing, missionary and emigrant priest in the U.S.A. Franc Pirc (1785–1880). The author of his newest biography Franc Pirc (1785-1880), fruit grower in Carniola and missionary in America from 2003, Marjan Drnovšek, PhD, cites in the chapter on literature as many as 40 bibliographical units of which twelve directly relate to Franc Pirc. The purpose of the article is not to give a complete survey on the up to the present bibliography of Franc Pirc but a commented presentation of most significant Slovene biographical publications on him, particularly the works of Florentin Hrovat Franc Pirec oče umne sadjereje na Kranjskem in apostolski misijonar med Indijani v severni Ameriki from 1887, Dr. Franc Ks. Lukman in the Slovene biographic lexicon from 1949, Ivan Zika Franc Pirc oče umne sadjereje na Kranjskem in oče mesta St. Cloud v Ameriki from 1965, and the already mentioned book by Marjan Drnovšek. Presented are some other works as well. In his contribution the author presents and compares the evaluating of Pirc’s life and work and the key data from individual works, particularly those that are with different authors not identical, especially the place of Pirc’s birth and the date of his death.Slovenska elektronska podatkovna bibliografska zbirka COBISS, ki je sicer zelo uporabna in dragocena kot izhodišče vsakovrstnih raziskav, a še precej nepopolna zlasti za starejše publikacije, navaja o slovenskem duhovniku, pospeševalcu sadjarstva, misijonarju in izseljenskem duhovniku v ZDA Francu Pircu (1785-1880) okoli 20 bibliografskih enot. Pisec najnovejše biografije o njem Franc Pirc (1785-1880), sadjar na Kranjskem in misijonar v Ameriki iz leta 2003, dr. Marjan Drnovšek navaja v poglavju o uporabljeni literaturi kar 40 bibliografskih enot, od teh pa se jih 12 nanaša neposredno na Franca Pirca. Namen pričujočega članka ni dati popoln pregled dosedanje bibliografije o Pircu, pač pa le komentirana predstavitev najpomembnejših slovenskih biografskih objav o njem. Gre predvsem za dela p. Florentina Hrovata Franc Pirec oče umne sadjereje na Kranjskem in apostolski misijonar med Indijani v severni Ameriki iz leta 1887, dr. Franca Ks. Lukmana v Slovenskem biografskem leksikonu iz leta 1949, Ivana Zike Franc Pirc oče umne sadjereje na Kranjskem in oče mesta St. Cloud v Amneriki iz leta 1965 in že omenjeno knjigo dr. Drnovška. Predstavljena so tudi še nekatera druga dela. V prispevku avtor predstavi in med seboj primerja vrednotenje Pirčevega življenja in dela ter ključne podatne iz posameznih del, zlasti tiste, ki so pri različnih avtorjih niso enaki, tako zlasti kraj Pirčevega rojstva in datum njegove smrti
A COURT ORDER TO PROTECT CHILDREN: DEPRIVATION OF PARENTAL RIGHT TO LIVE WITH THE CHILD
No full textDjeca kao pripadnici jedne od najranjivijih skupina u društvu imaju pravo na ustavnu, međunarodnu i zakonsku zaštitu koja je utkana u zakonsku regulativu Republike Hrvatske.
Svaki od pravnih propisa iz područja dječjih prava, bilo da je prenesen iz međunarodnih ugovora i konvencija ili u cijelosti donesen u Hrvatskom saboru kao vrhovnom tijelu zakonodavne vlasti u RH, sadrži mjere kojima je primarna svrha zaštita normalnog psihofizičkog razvoja djeteta, njegovih prava i dobrobiti. Tema ovog rada je prikaz procesa i posljedica izricanja jedne od mjera kojima se štite djetetova prava i dobrobit, a to je mjera oduzimanja roditelju prava na život s djetetom i svakodnevnu skrb. Prikazom tijeka izvanparničnog postupka i jednog slučaja iz prakse, vidljiv je cijeli proces koji dovodi do izdvajanja djeteta iz obitelji. Autorica je usporedila podatke dobivene od Centra za socijalnu skrb Slavonski Brod s podacima o takvim slučajevima CZSS Dubrava, Sesvete i Trešnjevka.Children being among the most vulnerable members of society are entitled to constitutional, international and lawful protection woven into the Croatian legislation.
Each of legal regulations in the field of children's rights, whether it is transferred from the international treaties and conventions or fully adopted by the Croatian Parliament as the supreme body of legislative power in the RoC, contains measures primarily aiming at the protection of normal physical as well as psychological development of a child, his or her rights and well-being. Theme of this paper it to present the process and consequences of delivering one of the measures for the protection of child's rights and welfare, particularly deprivation of parental right to live with the child and practice daily care over child. The entire process leading to the removal of a child from the family is explained through displaying the non-litigious civil procedure and one case study. The author compared the data obtained from the Center for Social Welfare Slavonski Brod with the information about such cases in CSW Dubrava, Sesvete and Trešnjevka
A COURT ORDER TO PROTECT CHILDREN: DEPRIVATION OF PARENTAL RIGHT TO LIVE WITH THE CHILD
No full textDjeca kao pripadnici jedne od najranjivijih skupina u društvu imaju pravo na ustavnu, međunarodnu i zakonsku zaštitu koja je utkana u zakonsku regulativu Republike Hrvatske.
Svaki od pravnih propisa iz područja dječjih prava, bilo da je prenesen iz međunarodnih ugovora i konvencija ili u cijelosti donesen u Hrvatskom saboru kao vrhovnom tijelu zakonodavne vlasti u RH, sadrži mjere kojima je primarna svrha zaštita normalnog psihofizičkog razvoja djeteta, njegovih prava i dobrobiti. Tema ovog rada je prikaz procesa i posljedica izricanja jedne od mjera kojima se štite djetetova prava i dobrobit, a to je mjera oduzimanja roditelju prava na život s djetetom i svakodnevnu skrb. Prikazom tijeka izvanparničnog postupka i jednog slučaja iz prakse, vidljiv je cijeli proces koji dovodi do izdvajanja djeteta iz obitelji. Autorica je usporedila podatke dobivene od Centra za socijalnu skrb Slavonski Brod s podacima o takvim slučajevima CZSS Dubrava, Sesvete i Trešnjevka.Children being among the most vulnerable members of society are entitled to constitutional, international and lawful protection woven into the Croatian legislation.
Each of legal regulations in the field of children's rights, whether it is transferred from the international treaties and conventions or fully adopted by the Croatian Parliament as the supreme body of legislative power in the RoC, contains measures primarily aiming at the protection of normal physical as well as psychological development of a child, his or her rights and well-being. Theme of this paper it to present the process and consequences of delivering one of the measures for the protection of child's rights and welfare, particularly deprivation of parental right to live with the child and practice daily care over child. The entire process leading to the removal of a child from the family is explained through displaying the non-litigious civil procedure and one case study. The author compared the data obtained from the Center for Social Welfare Slavonski Brod with the information about such cases in CSW Dubrava, Sesvete and Trešnjevka
Postmetafizika osamosvojenega uma: Psihopolitika, povprečnost in resentiment
No full textThe article focuses on the notion of resentment in relation to mediocrity, which is, in accordance with the thesis following from Nietzsche’s explication, determined and shaped by the democratic social organization. Despite all positive aspects that the latter introduces to the space – once bordered by and limited to the range of the central political structure – the author strives to consider processes and mechanisms that essentially determine the social communication and convert it from vertical to horizontal. In this context, psychopolitics amounts to the manifestation of resentment at the collective level and the reproduction of resentment as the essential emotion determining the relationship between the mass subject, namely the mediocre, and individuals over or below average, in the democratic process of levelling of social structures at the foundation of widely acceptable standards and principles of the morality of normality or decency. The postmetaphysical epistemological framework, which basic coordinates are based in the works of Nietzsche, Heidegger and Sloterdijk, supplements the methods of supra-historical genealogy and culture hermeneutics, which are employed by author in order to emphasize repetitive patterns of culture, psychopolitical power of which is maintaining resentment as the essential component of democracy, but above all, its foundation in mediocrity.Članek se osredotoča na pojem resentimenta v povezavi s povprečnostjo, ki jo, skladno s tezo izhajajočo iz Nietzschejevega izvajanja, določa in oblikuje demokratična družbena ureditev. Navkljub vsem pozitivnim aspektom, ki jih slednja vnaša v prostor – nekoč omejen in obmejen z dometom centralne politične strukture – avtor skuša premisliti procese in mehanizme, ki bistveno določajo družbeno komunikacijo oziroma jo pretvarjajo iz vertikalne v horizontalno. Psihopolitika v tem kontekstu pomeni manifestacijo resentimenta na kolektivnem nivoju in reprodukcijo resentimenta kot jedrnega občutka, ki določa odnos med množičnim subjektom, torej povprečjem, in nad- oziroma podpovprečnimi subjekti, v demokratičnem procesu izravnavanja družbenih struktur na temelju široko sprejemljivih meril in določil morale normalnosti oziroma spodobnosti. Postmetafizični epistemološki okvir, ki osnovne koordinate črpa iz del Nietzscheja, Heideggerja in Sloterdijka, dopolnjuje metodi supra-historične genealogije in kulturne hermenevtike, s katerima avtor želi opozoriti na repetitivne kulturne vzorce, katerih psihopolitična moč ohranja resentiment kot bistveno sestavino demokracije, zlasti pa njeno utemeljenost na povprečnosti
Crossover from glassy to inho‐ mogeneous-ferroelectric nonlinear dielectric response in relaxor ferroelectrics
No full textThe temperature dependence of the dielectric nonlinearities in a PMN single crystal and in 9͞65͞35 PLZT ceramics has been determined by measuring the first and third harmonic response as well as the dielectric behavior as a function of the dc electric field. In zero field a paraelectric-to-glass, and, in a high enough dc field, a glass-to-ferroelectriclike crossover in the temperature dependence of the nonlinear response have been observed. Both crossovers agree with the predictions of the spherical random-bond -random-field model. Relaxors thus undergo in zero field a transition to a spherical glass, while above the critical field a transition into a ferroelectric state occurs. PACS numbers: 78.20.Ci, 77.84.Dy The nature of the diffuse phase transition in relaxor ferroelectrics, which are typically characterized by a broad frequency dispersion in the complex dielectric constant and slowing dynamics In a system with centrosymmetrical cubic symmetry the relation between polarization P and electric field E can be written as a power series P ͑´1 2 1͒E 2´3E 3 1 . . . . This can be inverted into E a 1 P 1 a 3 P 3 1 . . . , where a 1 1͑͞´1 2 1͒ and a 3 ´3͑͞´1 2 1͒ 4 ഠ´3͞´4 1 . The temperature dependence of the dielectric nonlinearity a 3 may, in principle, provide an answer to the open question about the nature of the relaxor freezing process. The scaling theory of the second order phase transition predicts that the nonlinear dielectric coefficient a 3 should vanish at the ferroelectric transition Very recently, it has been shown that the temperature dependence of the Edwards-Anderson order parameter q EA and the dielectric nonlinearity a 3 in lead magnesium niobate (PMN) can be well described by the spherical randombond-random-field (SRBRF) model It has been pointed out In order to resolve this controversy we have conducted high resolution measurements of the temperature dependence of the dielectric nonlinearities a 3 andâ 3 measured at various frequencies and dc electric bias fields in a broad temperature range. In this Letter, we report experimental data on the dielectric nonlinearities obtained in lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics Pb 12x La x ͑Zr y Ti 12y ͒ 12x͞4 O 3 with x 0.09 and y 0.65 (denoted as 9͞65͞35 PLZT) and in a PMN single crystal. We show that in agreement with some previous results The 0.52-mm-thick platelet of 9͞65͞35 PLZT hot pressed ceramics was covered with evaporated gold electrodes having surface dimensions of 4.7 3 3.5 mm 2 . In the case of the PMN single crystal, where electrodes and dimensions were prepared similarly as in the PLZT 5892 0031-9007͞00͞84(25)͞5892(4)$15.0
The second channel of radio slovenia - the analysis of radio show Spetek
No full textV diplomskem delu sta predstavljena Drugi program Radia Slovenija in analiza oddaje Spetek. Opisani so programska shema radijskega programa, vloga in poslanstvo javnega medija ter programska umestitev oddaje Spetek. Prek različnih elementov je analizirana oddaja Mihe Šaleharja, hkrati pa je primerjan koncept oddaje Spetek z oddajami na komercialni radijski postaji. Prav tako so proučene možnosti za umestitev tovrstne oddaje v komercialno programsko shemo Radia City. Za potrebe raziskovalnega dela pa so bili opravljeni intervjuji z Mirkom Štularjem, odgovornim urednikom Vala 202, Miho Šaleharjem, avtorjem oddaje Spetek, in Borom Greinerjem, odgovornim urednikom Radia City.In the present bachelor thesis, the Second programme of the radio Slovenia and the analysis of the broadcast Spetek are presented. The programming scheme of the radio program, the role and the mission of the public media and the programme placements of the broadcast Spetek are described. Through the different elements, the analysis of the Miha Šalehar’s broadcast has been conducted, as well as the comparison of the concept of the broadcast Spetek with the broadcasts on the commercial radio station. Further, we have established the possibilities of the installation of this sort of broadcasting in the commercial programming scheme of the Radio City. For the purpose of the research work, the interviews with Mirko Štular, editor-in-chief of Val 202, Miha Šalehar, author of the broadcast Spetek, and Bor Greiner, editor-in-chief of Radio City have been performed.
The Portrayal of Nazi Society in Irmgard Keun\u27s Novel „Nach Mitternacht‟
No full textIm Roman „Nach Mitternacht“ werden durch die Beobachtungen, Handlungen und Leiden der Protagonistin Susanne Moder sowie anderer Charaktere das damalige Leben und die Menschen, die unter dem nationalsozialistischen Regime lebten, in all ihren Facetten dargestellt. Mit Hilfe der Sekundärliteratur und historischer Quellen gelingt es, den Bezug zu den tatsächlichen damaligen Ereignissen herzustellen. Auf diese wird im Roman zwar nicht explizit verwiesen, trotzdem erscheinen jedoch einige Schilderungen – besonders der Auftritt Hitlers – sehr authentisch. Irmgard Keuns Werk wurde nicht umsonst in zahlreichen Rezensionen für seine Authentizität gepriesen: Keun erlebte die Anfangsjahre der Hitlerherrschaft. Somit konnte sie das Klimas dieser Hitler-Jahre glaubwürdig schildern und man kann behaupten, dass der Zeitrahmen der Romanhandlung – ungefähr Mitte März 1936 – dabei deutlich zu erkennen ist. Dieser Roman ist jedoch keine Analyse des Nationalsozialismus, sondern ein Roman, den man gut und mehrmals lesen muss, um die größere Kritik am damaligen Nazideutschland zu verstehen. Der historische und politische Kontext dieser Zeit, der im Roman auf eine künstlerische Art und Weise beschrieben wird, muss bei der Interpretation des Inhalts stets beachtet werden.
Die Analyse des Buches ergab, dass sich durch den ganzen Roman Hinweise auf Repressionsmaßnahmen finden lassen, die zwischen den Jahren 1933 und 1936 von der NS-Politik durchgeführt worden sind. Solche Maßnahmen waren z. B. die „Nürnberger Gesetze“. Das „Reichsbürgergesetz“ und das „Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre“ spielen im Roman eine zentrale Rolle: Aufgrund der Gesetzgebung dürfen Dieter Aaron, ein jüdisch-arischer Mischling, und Sannas besten Freundin Gerti nämlich nicht zusammen sein. Damit sich das verliebte Pärchen zumindest sehen kann, begleitet Sanna Gerti öfters als Alibi zu ihren Treffen. Dieter Aaron verliert auch seinen Job in der Chemiefabrik, dabei ist er jedoch nicht der einzige: Auch Dr. Breslauer, ein jüdischer Arzt, verliert wegen des „Gesetzes zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums“ seine Kassenzulassung und kann somit seine Arbeit in Deutschland nicht mehr ausüben. Er tut, was die meisten tun – er geht ins Exil. Langsam aber sicher werden auch die jüdischen Ladenbesitzer boykottiert.
Keun beschreibt auch viele andere gesellschaftliche Phänomene, die durch die nationalsozialistische Ideologie hervorgebracht wurden, wie die z.B. die „Denunziantenbewegung“. Denunzianten zeigten Leute aus persönlichen, ungerechtfertigten Motiven an. Begünstigt durch das propagierte Weltbild wurde Denunziation zu einer gesellschaftlichen Praxis, die im Roman anhand des Charakters von Tante Adelheid aufgezeigt wird, sowie anhand der Szene, in der Sanna im Polizeipräsidium auf das Verhör der Gestapo wartet.
Auch der nationalsozialistische Stab, der Angst und Schrecken im Dritten Reich verbreitete, kommt in zahlreichen Textpassagen – explizit oder implizit – zu Wort. So werden die unmittelbaren Akteure – SA, SS, Reichswehr und die Gestapo – vorgestellt. Durch die karikierende Art und Weise, wie Keun ihre Aktivitäten und ihr Verhalten schildert, zeichnet sie ein regelrechtes Spottbild. So beschreibt sie den NS-Aufmarsch der Reichswehr als eine „eine Art Ballett“, was im vollkommenen Gegensatz zur damaligen Vorstellung der Elite – des Führers, der Soldaten und des Paramilitärs – steht. In der Propaganda wurden diese den Leuten als eine Art „Popikone“ angepriesen. Besonders Hitler wurde als ein aufopfernder Führer inszeniert, in Wahrheit entsprach er aber kaum dem Idealbild eines Menschen. Keun spielt darauf u.a. mit der pejorativen Metapher der leeren Hand an, mit der er seinen Gefolgsleuten zuwinkt, wie ein Prinz im Karnevalszug. Seine Reden und seinen Besuch in Frankfurt charakterisiert die Autorin als politisch inhaltslos.
Im Allgemeinen tritt die NS-Ideologie im Roman durch Propaganda auf - mit Hilfe von verschiedenen Organisationen wie der NS-Frauenschaft, der Tante Adelheid, Frau Silias und Frau Breitwehr angehören, oder der Hitlerjugend. Das Alltagsleben der Menschen wurde durch verschiedene Elemente und Massenveranstaltungen beeinflusst, die das nationalsozialistische Alltagsleben prägten, wie die Hauswart-Regelung, die Luftschutzübungen, der Hitlergruß, das Horst-Wessel-Lied, und verschiedene Printmedien, wie z.B. das Wochenblatt „Der Stürmer“.
Die Schilderung der damaligen Gesellschaft wird umso glaubwürdiger mit der Analyse der Lage der Intellektuellen. Keun war genauso wie Sannas Bruder Algin eine Schriftstellerin und ihre Werke landeten, wie auch Algins Bücher, auf der „schwarzen Liste“. Im Roman wird die Reglementierung der Intellektuellen als Problemkomplex angeführt. Alle Charaktere müssen sich entweder anpassen oder Widerstand leisten. Die politischen Geschehnisse und die Tatsache, in Deutschland nicht mehr als kritischer Journalist arbeiten zu können, treiben Heini zur Verzweiflung. Seit der Zensur und der Beschränkung der Schriftsteller/innen ist er überzeugt, Literatur sei zwecklos. Ebenso wenig kann er sich aber einen unbelasteten Neuanfang in einem anderen Land vorstellen.
Obwohl die Lage im NS-Deutschland zum Verzweifeln ist, versuchen alle Charaktere, die gesellschaftlichen Zustände und Lebensumstände zu verbessern. Diejenigen, die sich für das Leben im NS-Deutschland entscheiden, scheitern jedoch dabei. Im Fall des Journalisten Heini endet sein Leben mit einem Selbstmord. Die Flucht bzw. der Gang ins Exil scheint im Gegensatz dazu erfolgreich zu sein. Die neuen Probleme, die aufgrund der Staatenlosigkeit der Exilanten später entstehen, die Aufnahmekriterien der Exilländer, die finanzielle Situation der Exilanten und weitere Punkte, die im Roman angelegt sind und über das Schicksal der ”Staatenlosen“ entscheiden, bilden dabei einen interessanten Forschungsgegenstand für zukünftige Abhandlungen.
Irmgard Keun verfasste mit „Nach Mitternacht“ ein herausragendes Werk, das von den Lesern aber sorgfältig gelesen werden muss, um die darin enthaltene Kritik herauszuschälen. Sie ist in erster Linie eine Schriftstellerin und Künstlerin, weshalb sie den Nationalsozialismus nicht unmittelbar an den Pranger stellt, sondern ihre Missbilligung durch subtile Anspielungen und sorgfältig gewählte Formulierungen zum Ausdruck bringt. Durch die Karikierung des Repressionsapparates, durch ihre komisch-ironische Erzählweise bringt Keun die Leser an manchen Stellen sogar zum Grinsen, bewegt sie jedoch gleichzeitig zum Nachdenken über die damalige Situation im NS-Deutschland. Auf ihre eigene Art und Weise führt sie den Lesern die Banalität der NS-Ideologie und deren Mentalität vor Augen, weshalb ihr Roman noch heute als eines der grundlegenden Werke der deutschen Exilliteratur gilt.In the novel „After Midnight”, the then way of life and the people living under the Nazi regime are presented in all aspects through the observations, actions and suffering of the protagonist Susanne Moder (Sanne) as well as other characters. With the help of secondary literature and historical sources, it is easy to make a connection with the actual events of that time. Although this is not explicitly mentioned in the novel, some descriptions - in particular Hitler\u27s - are very authentic. The work of Imgard Keun did not receive so many good reviews in vain: Keun had experienced the early years of Hitler\u27s rule. Because of this, she could accurately reflect the atmosphere of Hitler\u27s years and we can confidently say that the timeline of the novel - around mid-March 1936 - is clearly recognizable. This novel, however, is not an analysis of Nazism, but a novel, which must be thoroughly and repeatedly read so that we can understand the greater criticism of Nazi Germany of the time. When interpreting the content, one should pay attention to the historical and political background of this period, which is described in the novel in an artistic way.
The book\u27s analysis showed that throughout the novel, there are hints of repressive measures that were carried out by Nazi politics between 1933 and 1936. Such measures were, for example, Nuremberg Laws. The Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor have a central role in the novel: Dieter Aaron, a man of forbidden Jewish-Aryan descend, and Sannin, Gerta\u27s best friend, cannot be a couple because of the legislation. In order for the in love couple to be able to see each other at least, Sanna follows Gerti as an alibi several times to their meetings. Dieter Aaron also loses his job at a chemical factory, but he is not the only one: Dr. Breslauer, a Jewish doctor, loses his health insurance due to the Public Administration Reform Act and can no longer carry out his profession. He does what most people did - go to exile. Slowly, but certainly Jewish traders are also being boycotted.
Keun also describes a number of other social phenomena created by the Nazi ideology, such as, for example, the „denunciation movement“. Informants denounced people for personal, unjustified reasons. Encouraged by a propagated view of the world, denunciations have become a social practice that is portrayed in the novel by Aunt Adelheid’s character, as well as in the scene in which Sanna is waiting at the police station for her hearing by the Gestapo.
Even the Nazi Command, which spread fear and terror in the Third Reich, is explicitly or implicitly mentioned in numerous text passages. Thus, the direct actors - SA, SS, national defense and the secret state police are presented. With a caricatured way of expression, with which Keun describes their activities and behavior, she creates a downright mockery. She describes the Nazi march is described as "a kind of ballet", which is in complete contradiction with the then idea of the elite: the Führer, soldiers and paramilitaries. In propaganda these people were presented as some kind of pop icons. In particular, Hitler was portrayed as a self-sacrificing leader, but in reality he did not even remotely fit in with the ideal image of a human. Keun hints at this, among other things, with a pejorative metaphor of an empty hand, with which he waves at his followers, as a prince at a carnival procession. His speeches and the visit to Frankfurt are marked by the author as politically meaningless.
In general, the Nazi ideology appears in the novel through propaganda - with the help of various organizations such as the National Socialist Women\u27s League, whose members were Aunt Adelheid, Mrs. Silias and Mrs. Breitwehr, or Hitler\u27s Youth. The daily lives of people were influenced by various elements and mass events that shaped the Nazi everyday life, such as caretaker regulation, anti-aircraft exercises, Hitler\u27s greeting, Horst Wessel Song and various printed media, like the newspaper „Der Stürmer“.
The description of the then society becomes more and more credible by analyzing the status of intellectuals. Keun was, like Sanns brother Algin, a writer and her works landed, same as Algin\u27s did, on a „blacklist“. In the novel, the regulation of intellectuals is listed as a complex problem. All characters have to either adapt or resist. Political events and the fact that in Germany one can no longer be a critical journalist, bring Heini to despair. Due to the censorship and writer restrictions, he is convinced that literature itself has no meaning. Not much better is the thought of a new beginning in another country.
Although the situation in Nazi Germany is desperate, all characters try to improve the social and living conditions. However, those who decide to live in Nazi Germany, fail to do so. In the case of journalist Heini, his life ends in suicide. On the contrary, escaping or going into exile proves to be the successful solution. The new problems that arise later on as a result of the statelessness of the characters - the criteria for accepting exiles, the financial position of the exiles and other issues in the Novel, that determine the fate of stateless individuals in the novel are an interesting topic for future debates.
Imgard Keun wrote a remarkable work with the novel „After midnight“, which readers should carefully read in order to extract the critique contained. In the first place, she is primarily a writer and an artist, and therefore does not immediately place Nazism on a shameful pillar, but expresses her disapproval with sophisticated hints and carefully designed formulations. By caricaturing the repressive apparatus, with her funny and ironic narrative, Keun brings in some places a smile on the reader’s face, and at the same time leads them to reflect on the situation in the then Nazi Germany. In her own way, she acquaints the readers with the banality of the Nazi ideology and its mentality, and therefore today the novel is still regarded as one of the fundamental parts of German exile literature
