1,721,078 research outputs found
Cranial growth in normal and low-protein-fed Saimiri: An environmental heterochrony
Full text linkProtein malnutrition has a significant and measurable effect on the rate and timing of growth. Heterochrony is generally viewed as the study of evolutionary changes in the relative rates and timing of growth and development. Although changes in growth commonly result from experimental manipulations of diet, nobody has previously attempted to explain such changes from a heterochronic perspective. We use a heterochronic perspective to compare a group of squirrel monkeys fed a low-protein diet to individuals on a high-protein diet, but, in contrast to previous works, we focus particularly on the effects of environmental and not genetic factors. In the present study, Gould´s (1977) and Godfrey and Sutherland´s (1996) methodologies for studying heterochrony, as well as geometric morphometrics, are used to compare two groups of Saimiri sciureus boliviensis. Two groups of Saimiri were constructed on the basis of the protein content in their diets: a high-protein group (HP) (N = 12) and a low-protein group (LP) (N = 12). All individuals are males born in captivity. Two major functional components of the skull, the neurocranium and the face, were analysed. Four minor components were studied in each major component. Comparison of craniofacial ontogeny patterns based on major and minor components suggests that changes in the skull of LP animals can be explained by heterochrony. The skull of LP animals exhibits isomorphism produced by proportioned dwarfism. Our results suggest that heterochrony can be environmentally, rather than exclusively genetically, induced. The study of genetic assimilation (Waddington, 1953, 1956; see Scharloo, 1991; Hallgrimsson et al., 2002) has demonstrated that environmentally induced phenotypes often have a genetic basis, and thus parallel changes can be easily induced genetically. It is possible that proportioned dwarfism is far more common than currently appreciated.Fil: Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Max-Planck-Institut für evolutionäre Anthropologie; AlemaniaFil: González José, Rolando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Pucciarelli, Hector Mario. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin
Functional-cranial approach to the influence of economic strategy on skull morphology
Full text linkEnvironmental factors are assumed to play an important role in the shaping of craniofacial morphology. Here we propose a statistical approach which can be of utility in estimating the magnitude and localization of a particular nongenetic factor upon the specific functional components of the skull. Our analysis is a combination of previous attempts of apportionment of variance and the application of craniofunctional theory. The effect of subsistence strategy on craniofacial functional components was studied on 18 populations of hunter-gatherers and farmers from South America. Results demonstrate that the environmental factors studied likely influenced the masticatory component’s size and shape. Even when this effect is not large enough to clearly differentiate among subsistence strategies (since whole craniofacial variation among populations remains greater), the method used here provides interesting clues to localize plastic or adaptive responses to external stimuli.Fil: González José, Rolando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando. Dyamique de l'Evolution Humaine; FranciaFil: Sardi, Marina Laura. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina. Dyamique de l'Evolution Humaine; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Abadías, Neus. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Hernández, Miquel. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Pucciarelli, Hector Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentin
Primeros resultados de los trabajos arqueológicos en el lago Colhué Huapi (Chubut)
Full text linkEl objetivo general del proyecto de investigación, iniciado en 2005, es el estudio de los procesos de diversificación económica en poblaciones cazadoras recolectoras de Patagonia Central. Generalmente se considera que estos grupos basaron su economía casi exclusivamente en la caza del guanaco (Lama guanicoe); sin embargo, creemos que la economía de estos grupos pudo haber sido más diversificada en momentos y ambientes (o microambientes) particulares, como es el caso de los sistemas lacustres. (...)Fil: Moreno, Julian Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Perez Ruiz, Hugo Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Reyes, Mariano Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Svoboda, Ariadna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; ArgentinaFil: Peralta Gonzalez, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Herrera Santana, Misael. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ; Argentin
The palaeo-indian site of Piedra Museo (Patagonia). Its contribution to the debate on the peopling of the Americas
No full textThe Piedra Museo site (Santa Cruz, Argentina), excavated over the past nine years has yielded a rich archaeological record, which contributes to the discussion on the first peopling of the Americas. We present here a new study of the site, based on an analysis of the stratigraphy, spatial distribution or archaeological remains, bone taphonomy, and discussion of new AMS-14C dates. We conclude that remains of extinct species with cut-marks from the lower levels are contemporaneous of stone tools and cores from the same levels. This demonstrates that humans were present in the southern part of Patagonia around 10 300 and 11 100 years BP and suggests that hunting of large mammals was a part of their subsistence strategies. (C) 2000 Academie des sciences/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.Le site de Piedra Museo, Santa Cruz, Argentine, fouillé au cours des neuf dernières années, a livré de nombreux restes archéologiques et a fait l'objet de plusieurs datations 14C. La présente étude a pour objectif d'analyser le mode de formation du remplissage, la distribution spatiale des vestiges et les modifications anthropiques sur les restes osseux provenant des couches inférieures. Les implications de deux nouvelles datations 14C–AMS pour ces couches sont également discutées. Nous concluons que les couches inférieures de ce site conservent les traces d'une fréquentation humaine pléistocène, datée entre 10 300 et 11 100 BP.Fil: Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando V.. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: D'Errico, Francesco. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Institut de préhistoire et de géologie du Quaternaire; FranciaFil: Zárate, Marcelo Arístides. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientifícas y Tecnológicas; Argentin
South Amerindian craniofacial morphology: Diversity and implications for Amerindian evolution
Full text linkThe most compelling models concerning the peopling of the Americas consider that modern Amerindians share a common biological pattern, showing affinities with populations of the Asian Northeast. The aim of the present study was to assess the degree of variation of craniofacial morphology of South American Amerindians in a worldwide context. Forty-three linear variables were analyzed on crania derived from American, Asian, Australo-Melanesian, European, South- Saharan African, and Polynesian regions. South America was represented by seven Amerindian samples. In order to understand morphologic diversity among Amerindians of South America, variation was estimated using regions and local populations as units of analysis. Variances and FST values were calculated for each unit, respectively. Both analyses indicated that morphologic variation in Southern Amerindians is extremely high: an FST of 0.01531 was obtained for Southern Amerindians, and values from 0.0371–0.1205 for other world regions. Some aspects linked to the time and mode of the peopling of the Americas and various microevolutionary processes undergone by Amerindians are discussed. Some of the alternatives proposed to explain this high variation include: a greater antiquity of the peopling than what is mostly accepted, a peopling by several highly differentiated waves, an important effect of genetic drift, and gene flow with Paleoamericans. A combination of some of these alternatives explains at least some of the variationST values were calculated for each unit, respectively. Both analyses indicated that morphologic variation in Southern Amerindians is extremely high: an FST of 0.01531 was obtained for Southern Amerindians, and values from 0.0371–0.1205 for other world regions. Some aspects linked to the time and mode of the peopling of the Americas and various microevolutionary processes undergone by Amerindians are discussed. Some of the alternatives proposed to explain this high variation include: a greater antiquity of the peopling than what is mostly accepted, a peopling by several highly differentiated waves, an important effect of genetic drift, and gene flow with Paleoamericans. A combination of some of these alternatives explains at least some of the variation.Fil: Sardi, Marina Laura. Dynamique de l’Evolution Humaine; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando Victor. Dynamique de l'Evolution Humaine; FranciaFil: González José, Rolando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Pucciarelli, Hector Mario. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico de Antropología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin
Indigenous peoples' health : Culturally grounded evidence from the Baka, Southeastern Cameroon
Full text linkAltres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABUnidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MIndigenous Peoples are exposed to the impacts of the climatic, ecological and socioeconomic changes, yet there is a need for a better understanding of their health and higher involvement of Indigenous Peoples in health promotion design and implementation. Our study brings empirical data on the healthcare system of the Baka, forager-horticulturalists from Cameroon. Using a mixed methods approach, we explored the health issues they encounter, the emic determinants of health and healthcare system, and the different threats towards their healthcare system. We conducted focus group discussions, interviews with experts, and self-reported health recalls with 302 individuals living in two settlements from southeastern Cameroon during two fieldwork periods between June and November 2022. Our insights highlight the prevalence of respiratory and children's digestive issues, and the occurrence of illnesses implying a combination of symptoms that would deserve further Western biomedical attention. The Baka's healthcare relies on medicinal plants, knowledge experts, and on the social cohesion of the community, all largely affected by the local social-ecological impacts of global change. Exposure to the market and health facilities does not seem to relate to Baka's health state and practices but might affect their perception of health. Deforestation, poor water quality, and alcohol (ab)use were reported and observed threats to the Baka's health and healthcare system. Our work supplies empirical evidence for a better understanding of Baka's health and healthcare system, helpful in designing health prevention and policies adapted to their reality and culture. Further research and interventions on health should consider the current threats to Baka's local ecosystems and cultural knowledge. These insights contribute to a higher recognition of the Baka's, and most broadly, the Indigenous Peoples' emic perspective on health, and on culturally grounded indicators of the resilience of their healthcare system to current and future challenges
Método de estimación de edad de muerte en muestras arqueológicas
No full textLa respuesta escrita por Barrientos et al. surge de las observaciones efectuadas al término de una presentación oral de diez minutos. Lo corto de la presentación y el aún más breve tiempo de discusión después de la misma (5 minutos) obviamente no alcanzan para aclarar muchos puntos. La disconformidad surgida por el breve lapso temporal rara vez encuentra eco en lo escrito. Esta inusual posibilidad dada por los directores de la revista es bienvenida.
(Párrafo extraído del texto a modo de resumen)</i
Les hominidés du Plio-Pléistocène de la vallée de l'Omo, Éthiopie microanatomie de l'émail et développement dentaire
No full textMoange-le-Bosquet, intégration à deux vitesses d'un village pygmée Baka
No full textInternational audienceLa fin de la marginalisation des groupes autochtones est un atout des organisations de défense des droits de minorités. Malgré les efforts des organisations gouvernementales et des ONG ainsi que la bonne volonté des institutions, l'intégration des pygmées Baka dans la société camerounaise se fait attendre. La communauté Baka de Moange-le-Bosquet est un exemple particulier. Elle a su bénéficier de l'organisation du territoire par l'État camerounais mais elle continue à subir le mépris des non-pygmées au quotidien comme l'attestent des nombreux événements. L'exemple du Bosquet montre que l'intégration au quotidien reste à faire ; elle est la plus difficile car elle passe par un changement dans la conception de « l'Autre pygmée » chez les grands noirs. Les Baka sont un groupe pygmée dont sa répartition géographique comprend le sud-est du Cameroun, le nord du Gabon, le nord-ouest du Congo et le sud-ouest de la République Centrafricaine (Ramirez Rozzi 2015). Ils habitent en pleine forêt dans des campements constitués par quelques huttes (mongulus) conformant une population d'environ 15-20 personnes liés par des rapports familiaux ou claniques (Philippart de Foy 1984). En plus des campements établis en plein forêt, les Baka se regroupent dans des campements plus grands près des villages peuplés par des individus appartenant à des groupes de langue Bantou, nommés par les Baka, les grands-noirs. La proximité des campements aux villages résulte du rapport particulier que les Baka ont avec les grands-noirs : ils sont leurs sujets. Tout chef de village consulté à propos des campements Baka voisins parlera de 'ses' pygmées à lui. Le village Moange-le-Bosquet au sud-est du Cameroun représente une exception. Sa population est constituée presque exclusivement par des pygmées Baka ; très peu d'individus du groupe bantou de la région, les Nzimé, y habitent. Le Bosquet doit sa particularité à sa fondation et à la présence d'une mission catholique. La fréquentation depuis dix ans de ce village avec une assiduité régulière m'a permis d'établir des liens très forts avec quelques individus et de suivre la réalité des Baka dans la région (Ramirez Rozzi et al. 2015, Ramirez Rozzi 2016). Fondation du Bosquet Les soeurs spiritains, congrégation missionnaire née en 1915, sont présentes au Cameroun depuis 1924. La soeur spiritain Marie-Albéric s'installa en 1970 avec une autre soeur à Messok, village, à l'époque de 250 habitants, au sud-est du Cameroun. Elle y découvrit la réalité des Baka et commença à élaborer le projet de réaliser un village Baka pour les soustraire de la servitude qu'ils subissent de la part des Nzimés (Girolet P. 2005). Depuis 1964, le gouvernement camerounais demandait aux « hommes de l
Método de estimación de edad de muerte en muestras arqueológicas : Réplica a Barrientos et al.
No full textLa respuesta escrita por Barrientos et al. surge de las observaciones efectuadas al término de una presentación oral de diez minutos. Lo corto de la presentación y el aún más breve tiempo de discusión después de la misma (5 minutos) obviamente no alcanzan para aclarar muchos puntos. La disconformidad surgida por el breve lapso temporal rara vez encuentra eco en lo escrito. Esta inusual posibilidad dada por los directores de la revista es bienvenida.
(Párrafo extraído del texto a modo de resumen)Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA
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