1,720,952 research outputs found
Cost Analysis of Street Lighting Considering Mast Height
No full textDiplomitöö eesmärgiks on analüüsida TNV maksumuse kujunemist sõltuvalt mastide kõrgusest. Tihti ei pruugi tellijale olla lähteülesande saavutamise vahendid arusaadavad ja projekteerijale esitatav lähteülesanne neid eesmärke pärssiv.
Töö esimeses peatükis selgitatakse TNV olulisust ja nõudeid ning ootusi, millele kaasaegne TNV peab vastama. Jätkatakse ehitamiseks vajalikke komponentide käsitlemisega, tuues välja nende olulisus ning läbi konkreetsete hindade näidatakse iga osa maksumust tervikus. Näidatakse võimalusi, kus valgustuse ehitusel saab saavutada kokkuhoidu ning põhjendatakse, mis sellega kaasneb.
Teine peatükk kirjeldab TNV maksumuse kujunemist. Autor selgitab töös kasutatava elektrihinna valiku kriteeriume. Põhjendatakse ja selgitatakse valitud hinnastamismetoodikat, sh nagu ehitusmaksumuse, ekspluatatsiooni- ja hoolduskulude olemust ning vastavate kulurühmade osakaalu tervikus. Esitatakse kulusid, mis hõlmavad erinevaid tööoperatsioone. Tuuakse välja ehituskulud kuue- ja kaheksameetriste mastide kohta. Selgitatakse erinevate sisendandmete saamist ja leidmist lõputöös.
Kolmanda peatüki alguses selgitab autor analüüsi meetodit ning selleks sobivate andmete saamist. Peatükk jaguneb kaheks, kus esimeses alapeatükis antakse tulemused "E" _"k" kulude kohta, selgub kõrgemate mastidega TNV soodsam hind ning otsitakse selle põhjuseid. Põhjenduse leiab ehituskulude suur osakaal ning võrreldakse madalamate ja kõrgemate mastide ehituskulusid. Autor toob välja põhjuse eelistamaks projekteerimisel kõrgemaid maste. Edasi käsitletakse ekspluatatsioonikulusid ning ei leita märkimisväärset seost sellel mastide kõrgusega üldisesse kulusse. Koondtabeli analüüsimisel järeldatakse, et kaasaegse valgusti energiatõhusus saavutatakse õige optika valikuga ning valgusti kõrgus ei osutu siin ainumääravaks. Alapeatüki viimases osas uuritakse TNV hoolduskulusid, saadakse nende üksühene seos ehituskuludega ning jõutakse ainuvõimaliku järelduseni hoolduskuludelt säästmiseks.
Kolmanda peatüki teises osas analüüsitakse töö vastavust standardile ning selle piki- ja üldühtluse nõuete asjakohasust käesolevas lõputöös. Autor tõdeb, et standardist tulenevad soovitused ei ole resultatiivsed.
Töö tulemusena valmis valgustite koondtabel (Lisa 5), mis võimaldab analüüsida TNV kulusid liigiti. Andmetabelist jäetakse põhjendatult välja erivõimsusnäitaja. Kokkuvõtvalt jõutakse töös järeldusele, et KOV-le on majanduslikult optimaalseim ehitada TNV kõrgemate mastidega.When drawing up a street lighting design, the designer receives from the client the terms of reference, which may include the specified lighting class and the recommended heights of the lighting masts. Often, the contracting entity does not fully understand the means that need to be used to fulfil the requirements included in the terms of reference. Therefore, it happens that the initial task presented to the designer may hinder the achievement of those objectives. The obligation arising from engineering ethics - to provide the most effective solution - must remain a priority, unless the initial task requires something else.
The aim of the thesis “Cost Analysis of Street Lighting Considering Mast Height” is to provide an effective street lighting solution to the local government. The study examines the price of street lighting at two different mast heights. A luminaire that is placed higher consumes more energy for illumination than the one that is placed lower; however, the distance to the next luminaire is longer.
As far as the author of the work is aware, in Estonia no such analysis has been carried out on street lighting before. A comparable material has been issued in Finland [2], but it is for the design and pricing of road lighting , and it does not include examples of streets in a cost-benefit analysis.
The first chapter of the work explains the importance and requirements of street lighting and clarifies the expectations that modern street lighting must meet. Subsequently, it deals with the components necessary for construction, highlighting their importance and, through detailed prices, the cost of each component is shown in the total. The chapter further focuses on some ways in which savings can be achieved in the construction of lighting. Also, the consequences of it will be explained.
The second chapter describes how the cost of street lighting is calculated. The author explains the criteria used in the thesis for choosing the electricity price. The pricing methodology chosen is justified and explained, including, for example, the nature of the construction costs, as well as the operating and maintenance costs and their proportion in the total costs. The chapter presents costs covering different operational activities. It further indicates the construction costs for 6 m and 8 m masts. The chapter explains how different input data can be obtained and retrieved.
At the beginning of the third chapter, the author explains the method of analysis and how the suitable data can be obtained. The chapter is divided into two parts. The first part gives results on the present values of lifecycle costs, shows a more favourable price for street lighting with higher masts and looks for the reasons for it. It justifies the high proportion of construction costs and a comparison is made between the construction costs of lower and higher masts. The author explains why higher masts should be preferred when designing. The author then considers the operating costs and does not find it to have a significant correlation with the height of the masts in the overall cost. From analysing the summary table it is concluded that the energy efficiency of the modern luminaire is achieved with the right choice of optics and the height of the luminaire did not prove to be the sole determinant in this case. The last part of the sub-chapter examines the maintenance costs of street lighting, establishes their direct link with the construction costs and leads to the only possible conclusion that the design will determine future maintenance costs.
The second part of chapter 3 examines the compliance of the work with the standard and the appropriateness of its longitudinal and overall uniformity requirements. The author states that the recommendations arising from the standard do not lead to the desired result.
The result of the present thesis is a summary table of luminaires, which allows to analyse the costs of street lighting by type. The exclusion of the power density indicator (PDI) from the data table is justified. Finally, the thesis concludes that it is economically optimal for the local government to build street lighting with higher masts
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
