1,721,086 research outputs found
Crédibilité scientifique et stratégie rhétorique en ethnographie
No full textRagouet Pascal. Crédibilité scientifique et stratégie rhétorique en ethnographie. In: L'Homme, 1999, tome 39 n°150. De la différence et de l'exlcusion. pp. 221-225
Lynch Michael, Scientific practice and ordinary action. Ethnomethodology and social studies of science.
No full textRagouet Pascal. Lynch Michael, Scientific practice and ordinary action. Ethnomethodology and social studies of science.. In: Revue française de sociologie, 2000, 41-1. Sida et action publique. Études réunies et présentées par Philippe Urfalino, sous la direction de Philippe Urfalino . pp. 172-174
Lynch Michael, Scientific practice and ordinary action. Ethnomethodology and social studies of science.
No full textRagouet Pascal. Lynch Michael, Scientific practice and ordinary action. Ethnomethodology and social studies of science.. In: Revue française de sociologie, 2000, 41-1. Sida et action publique. Études réunies et présentées par Philippe Urfalino, sous la direction de Philippe Urfalino . pp. 172-174
Formes de division du travail scientifique et convergence intellectuelle. La recherche technico-instrumentale
No full textTerry Shinn : Formen der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung und intellektuelle Übereinstimmung. Die technisch-instrumentale Forschung.
Wie kann das Phänomen der intellektuellen Übereinstimmung in den Wissenschaften mit der Realität ihrer institutionellen Zersplitterung und das Vorhandensein von vielfachen Formen der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung in Verbindung gebracht werden ? Die mertonische Tradition hat schliesslich weniger darauf gezielt, diese zwei Serien von Tatsachen in Beziehung zu bringen als vielmehr Begriffe zu schaffen - Universalismus, Gemeinschaft, usw. -, die diese fehlende Brücke ersetzen. Was die « neue Orthodoxie » in der Wissenschaftssoziologie angeht, so hat sie ihrerseits lediglich das Problem umgangen : zu dieser Orientierung stellt die Verallgemeinerung der Aussagen keine Frage, denn es gibt für sie überhaupt keine kognitive oder soziale Unterscheidung weder für Grenzen noch für die wissenschaftliche Arbeitsteilung. Ausgehend von ihren Arbeiten zu einer wissenschaftlichen und technischen Forschungsform, die bisher wenig untersucht wurde, das heisst die technisch-instrumentale Forschung, wird hier im Gegenteil aufgezeigt, dass die Arbeitsteilung ein wichtiger Bestandteil der « pragmatischen Universalität » ist. Dank den von ihnen geschaffenen Grundinstrumenten und ihren « zwischenräumlichen » sozialen Beziehungen verändern die technisch-instrumentalen Forscher ihr Verhältnis zur Arbeitsteilung entsprechend den kognitiven und institutionellen Notwendigkeiten ihrer Aufgaben. Die Verwendung eines Grundinstrumentes durch die Nutzer, in untereinander sehr unterschiedlichen technischen Nischen, die besondere Bewertungskriterien und Formen der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung aufweisen, ist die Ausgangsbasis für die pragmatische Universalität. nisch-instrumentalen Forscher ihr Verhältnis zur Arbeitsteilung entsprechend den kognitiven und institutionellen Notwendigkeiten ihrer Aufgaben. Die Verwendung eines Grundinstrumentes durch die Nutzer, in untereinander sehr unterschiedlichen technischen Nischen, die besondere Bewertungskriterien und Formen der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung aufweisen, ist die Ausgangsbasis für die pragmatische Universalität.Terry Shinn : Forms of division of scientific labour and intellectual convergence. The research-technology movement.
Science and technology are characterized by considerable intellectual and institutional fragmentation - a product of unceasing specialization. In this article T. Shinn shows how a little studied transverse science and technology community, the research-technology movement, promotes « pragmatic-universality ». The multi purpose and generalist instruments generated by research-technology foster a technical lingua-franca in academia, industry, state technical services, the military and so forth. Research-technology also facilitates cognitive and institutional boarder crossings between disciplines and professional spheres. Shinn argues that divisions of labor in science and engineering are not detrimental to universality but are instead basic to its establishment. Demarcated niche audiences independently test and validate ideas and usage. Those which survive diverse and locally imposed testing are ultimately held in common by all groups, thereby becoming an universally accepted consensual stock of knowledge.Comment mettre en relation le phénomène de convergence intellectuelle dans les sciences avec la réalité de leur fragmentation institutionnelle et l'existence de formes multiples de division du travail scientifique ? La tradition mertonnienne a finalement moins cherché à mettre en rapport ces deux séries de faits qu'à produire des notions - universalisme, communauté, etc. - susceptibles de suppléer ce pont manquant. Quant à la « nouvelle orthodoxie » en sociologie des sciences, elle n'a, pour sa part, fait qu'éluder le problème : pour cette orientation, la généralisation des énoncés ne pose pas de problème, car d'après elle il n'y a tout simplement pas de différenciation cognitive ou sociale, ni de frontières, et encore moins de division du travail scientifique. À partir de ses travaux sur une forme de recherche scientifique et technique peu étudiée jusqu'ici, la recherche technico-instrumentale, on montre au contraire que la division du travail constitue une composante importante de « l'universalité pragmatique ». Grâce aux instruments génériques qu'ils créent et à leurs relations sociales « interstitielles », les chercheurs technico-instrumentaux modifient leur rapport à la division du travail suivant les nécessités cognitives et institutionnelles de leurs tâches. L'utilisation d'un instrument générique par des usagers, dans des niches techniques très différentes les unes des autres, et possédant des critères d'évaluation et des formes de division du travail scientifique particulières, est à la base de l'universalité pragmatique.Terry Shinn : Formas de división de trabajo científico y convergencia intelectual. La investigación técnico instrumental.
Cómo poner en relación el fenómeno de convergencia intelectual en las ciencias con la realidad de su fragmentación institucional y la existencia de formas multiples de la división del trabajo científico ? La tradición mertoniana busca menos de poner en relación estas dos series de hechos y más de producir nociones - universalismo, comunidad, etc. - susceptibles de suplir este puente faltante. Por su parte la « nueva ortodoxia » de la sociología de las ciencias, no ha hecho mas que eludir el problema : según esta orientación, la generalización de los enunciados no es un problema, pués simplemente no hay diferenciación cognitiva, ni social, de frontera y menos todavía de división de trabajo científico. Al contario basándose en esos trabajos en una forma de investigación científica o técnica poco estudiada hasta hoy, la investigación técnico instrumental, muestra que la división de trabajo constituye un componente importante de la « universalidad pragmática». Gracias a los instrumentes genéricos que ellas crean y a las relaciones sociales « interciciales », los investigadores técnico-instrumentales modifican su relación a la división de trabajo siguiendo las necesidades cognitivas e institucionales de sus tareas. La utilización de un instrumento genérico por los usuarios, en sitios técnicos muy diferentes los unos de los otros, además poseyendo los criterios de evaluación y de las formas de devisión de trabajo científico particulares, es la base de la universalidad pragmática.Shinn Terry, Ragouet Pascal. Formes de division du travail scientifique et convergence intellectuelle. La recherche technico-instrumentale. In: Revue française de sociologie, 2000, 41-3. pp. 447-473
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Eponymy and Delayed Recognition: the case of Otto Warburg Nobel Prize
No full textInternational audienceEponymy is defined as the way to name a discovery from the name of the person who discovered it. This practice well established in science. There is evidence that when an author has been eponymized, the author’s original publications will be cited without bibliographic reference. Merton defined this as “obliteration by incorporation”. The author’s original publications will experience “delayed recognition”, not achieving recognition in terms of citations until a few years after their original publication. While this phenomenon has been the subject of a renewal interest in scientometrics, there are few analyses of eponymy in science, and none explored the linked between eponymy and delayed recognition. Through the analysis of “cancer research” field, we identified a case study related to Otto Warburg Nobel Prize pioneering work on the role of metabolism in cancer, today named “Warburg effect”. Our results demonstrate that “Warburg effect” as concept suffered from delayed recognition in terms of citation, and that delayed recognition of Warburg’s publication is not due to a phenomenon of “obliteration by incorporation”. In a general way, our results imply that delayed recognition phenomena should be extended to scientific concept and not limited to a single or a bundle of publications
Eponymy and Delayed Recognition: the case of Otto Warburg Nobel Prize
No full textEponymy is defined as the way to name a discovery from the name of the person who discovered it. This practice well established in science. There is evidence that when an author has been eponymized, the author’s original publications will be cited without bibliographic reference. Merton defined this as “obliteration by incorporation”. The author’s original publications will experience “delayed recognition”, not achieving recognition in terms of citations until a few years after their original publication. While this phenomenon has been the subject of a renewal interest in scientometrics, there are few analyses of eponymy in science, and none explored the linked between eponymy and delayed recognition. Through the analysis of “cancer research” field, we identified a case study related to Otto Warburg Nobel Prize pioneering work on the role of metabolism in cancer, today named “Warburg effect”. Our results demonstrate that “Warburg effect” as concept suffered from delayed recognition in terms of citation, and that delayed recognition of Warburg’s publication is not due to a phenomenon of “obliteration by incorporation”. In a general way, our results imply that delayed recognition phenomena should be extended to scientific concept and not limited to a single or a bundle of publications
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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