1,721,006 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Fatigued driving : prevalence, risk factors and groups, and the law
No full textFatigue and sleepiness are major causes of road traffic accidents. However, precise data is often lacking because a validated and reliable device for detecting the level of sleepiness (cf. the breathalyzer for alcohol levels) does not exist, nor does criteria for the unambiguous detection of fatigue/sleepiness as a contributing factor in accident causation. Therefore, identification of risk factors and groups might not always be easy. Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to incorporate fatigue in operationalized terms into either traffic or criminal law.
The main aims of this thesis were to estimate the prevalence of fatigue problems while driving among the Finnish driving population, to explore how VALT multidisciplinary investigation teams, Finnish police, and courts recognize (and prosecute) fatigue in traffic, to identify risk factors and groups, and finally to explore the application of the Finnish Road Traffic Act (RTA), which explicitly forbids driving while tired in Article 63.
Several different sources of data were used: a computerized database and the original folders of multidisciplinary teams investigating fatal accidents (VALT), the driver records database (AKE), prosecutor and court decisions, a survey of young male military conscripts, and a survey of a representative sample of the Finnish active driving population.
The results show that 8-15% of fatal accidents during 1991-2001 were fatigue related, that every fifth Finnish driver has fallen asleep while driving at some point during his/her driving career, and that the Finnish police and courts punish on average one driver per day on the basis of fatigued driving (based on the data from the years 2004-2005).
The main finding regarding risk factors and risk groups is that during the summer months, especially in the afternoon, the risk of falling asleep while driving is increased. Furthermore, the results indicate that those with a higher risk of falling asleep while driving are men in general, but especially young male drivers including military conscripts and the elderly during the afternoon hours and the summer in particular; professional drivers breaking the rules about duty and rest hours; and drivers with a tendency to fall asleep easily. A time-of-day pattern of sleep-related incidents was repeatedly found.
It was found that VALT teams can be considered relatively reliable when assessing the role of fatigue and sleepiness in accident causation; thus, similar experts might be valuable in the court process as expert witnesses when fatigue or sleepiness are suspected to have a role in an accident’s origins. However, the application of Article 63 of the RTA that forbids, among other things, fatigued driving will continue to be an issue that deserves further attention. This should be done in the context of a needed attitude change towards driving while in a state of extreme tiredness (e.g., after being awake for more than 24 hours), which produces performance deterioration comparable to illegal intoxication (BAC around 0.1%). Regarding the well-known interactive effect of increased sleepiness and even small alcohol levels, the relatively high proportion (up to 14.5%) of Finnish drivers owning and using a breathalyzer raises some concern. This concern exists because these drivers are obviously more focused on not breaking the “magic” line of 0.05% BAC than being concerned about driving impairment, which might be much worse than they realize because of the interactive effects of increased sleepiness and even low alcohol consumption.
In conclusion, there is no doubt that fatigue and sleepiness problems while driving are common among the Finnish driving population. While we wait for the invention of reliable devices for fatigue/sleepiness detection, we should invest more effort in raising public awareness about the dangerousness of fatigued driving and educate drivers about how to recognize and deal with fatigue and sleepiness when they ultimately occur.Yleistajuinen tiivistelmä
Älä aja väsyneenä!
Oletko koskaan nukahtanut katsoessasi tylsää elokuvaa tai pitkällä matkalla auton takapenkillä tai jollain tylsällä luennolla? Suurin osa meistä on. Yleensä tämä ei kuitenkaan haittaa, sillä suurimmassa osassa tapauksista kukaan ei loukkaannu tai häiriinny, tietenkin edellyttäen ettet kuorsaa liian kovaa. Mutta oletko koskaan nukahtanut autoa ajaessasi? Kyselyssämme edustavalle joukolle suomalaisia kuljettajia 20 % vastasi kysymykseen myöntävästi. Jos nukahdat ajaessasi, vaarannat oman turvallisuutesi lisäksi myös muiden tiellä liikkujien turvallisuuden. Aineistomme osoittaa, että 8-15 % kuolonkolareista vuosina 1991 – 2001 liittyi väsymykseen.
Jos olet nukahtanut ajaessasi ilman mitään vakavia seuraamuksia, olit onnekas. Toivottavasti opit läksysi, eikä sama tapahdu uudestaan. Suomen laki eksplisiittisesti kieltää väsyneenä ajamisen. Tulostemme mukaan Suomen poliisi ja oikeuslaitos rankaisevat noin yhtä kuljettajaa päivässä väsyneenä ajamisesta. Tämä on huomattava määrä ottaen huomioon, ettei ole olemassa validoitua ja luotettavaa laitetta väsymyksen tason havaitsemiseen (vertaa alkometri alkoholin määrän mittaamiseen).
Keitä ovat suuressa rattiin nukahtamisriskissä olevat kuljettajat? Suuressa riskissä ovat: yleisesti miehet, mutta erityisesti nuoret mieskuljettajat mukaan lukien varusmiehet; vanhemmat kuljettajat iltapäivisin erityisesti kesällä; ammattikuljettajat, jotka rikkovat työ- ja lepoaikasäännöksiä; sekä kuljettajat, joilla on taipumus nukahtaa helposti.
Milloin rattiin nukahtamisriski on suurin? Tietenkin yöaikaan, jolloin ihmiset kokevat suurinta tarvetta nukkua, mutta myös iltapäivisin, kun normaalin vuorokausivaihtelun takia vireystaso laskee. Tulosemme osoittavat, että myös kesäkuukausina rattiin nukahtamisriski on kohonnut. Syy tähän ei ole selvillä, mutta muutokset elämäntavoissa luultavasti ovat merkittävässä osassa. Kuten tiedämme, kesäaikaan suomalaiset osallistuvat moniin ulkoilmatapahtumiin, juhlivat ja juovat sekä ajavat useammin pitkiä matkoja.
Kesäkuukausina alkoholin lisääntynyt kulutus saattaa vaikuttaa välillisesti joihinkin väsymykseen liittyviin onnettomuuksiin. Aineistossamme oli joitain kuljettajia, jotka nukahtivat ja aiheuttivat kuolemaan johtavan kolarin iltapäivän tunteina edellisen yön juhlimisen ja juomisen jälkeen, vaikka onnettomuushetkenä heillä ei enää ollut alkoholia veressä. Suurin osa ihmisistä tietää alkoholin heikentävän ajosuoriutumista. Tietävätkö he kuitenkaan että pienetkin alkoholimäärät tai alkoholin rauhoittavat jäännösvaikutukset yhdessä kohonneen uneliaisuuden kanssa ovat vaarallisia yhdistelmiä? Voit olla lain mukaan alkoholin kannalta ajokunnossa (veren alkoholipitoisuus alle 0,5 promillea), mutta jos esimerkiksi ajat myöhään yöllä juhlista kotiin, sinun kohonnut uneliaisuutesi voi voimistaa alkoholin rauhoittavia vaikutuksia.
Tutkimuksemme mukaan suuri osa (jopa 14,5 %) suomalaisista kuljettajista omistaa alkometriä ja monet käyttävät sitä heti juomisen jälkeen. Tämä huolestuttaa, koska nämä kuljettajat selvästi keskittyvät enemmän ”maagisen” 0,5 promillen rajan alapuolella pysymiseen kuin ajokyvyn heikkenemisestä huolestumiseen. Ajokyvyn lasku saattaa kuitenkin olla suurempi kuin he tajuavatkaan juuri uneliaisuuden ja vähäisen alkoholin käytön yhteisvaikutusten takia.
Rattijuopumus on jo pitkään ollut sosiaalisesti epäsuotavaa. Kuitenkin, vaikka tutkijat ja liikenneturvallisuustyöntekijät ovat jo jonkin aikaa varoitelleet väsymyksen liikenteessä olevan yhtä vaarallista kuin alkoholin, meidän pitää yhä tehdä työtä jotta ihmiset tajuavat, ettei heidän tule ajaa väsyneenä. Älä aja väsyneenä!ei saavutettav
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Igor Radun tutkii ihmisen käyttäytymistä parantaakseen liikenneturvallisuutta [itsehaastatteluteksti]
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