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Obituário: Roy Bhaskar (1944-2014)
Full text linkRoy Bhaskar, o fundador do realismo crítico, faleceu no dia 19 de novembro de 2014. Nascido de uma mãe inglesa e de um pai indiano, Ram Roy Bhaskar cresceu em Londres e foi para a Universidade de Oxford. Defendeu seu Ph.D. em filosofia, sob a orientação de Rom Harré. Seus manuscritos de seis volumes sobre Problemas acerca da explanação nas ciências sociais foram rejeitados pelos/as examinadores/as, não somente porque eram muito extensos, mas também, alegadamente, por não conterem nada de novo. Seu Ph.D tornou-se, no entanto, a base para os três livros subsequentes que iriam revolucionar a filosofia das ciências naturais (A teoria realista da ciência 1975), a filosofia das ciências sociais (A possibilidade do naturalismo, em 1979) e da teoria crítico-analítica (Realismo científico e emancipação humana, em 1986).
TELAAH KONSEP ISLAM DAN SAINS NIDHAL GUESSOUM DALAM PERSPEKTIF REALISME ROY BHASKAR
Full text linkABSTRAK
Merumuskan relasi ideal antara Islam dan sains kerapkali jatuh pada islamisasi sains, islamisasi pengetahuan dan sains Islam. Upaya tersebut senyatanya mengabaikan prinsip-prinsip sains yang berpedoman pada doktrin realisme. Di dalam Islam, seolah-olah segala sesuatu sudah terjelaskan termasuk sains. Dalam konteks itulah Nidhal Guessoum memberikan pandangan epistemik antara Islam dan Sains. Ia merumuskan bagaimana tafsir Islam musti ramah pada temuan-temuan sains. Sementara sains itu sendiri merupakan cara orang Islam memahami, merenungi dan merefleksikan ciptaan-Nya. Untuk melihat pendasaran epistemik yang dilakukan oleh Nidhal Guessoum, penulis menggunakan pemikiran Roy Bhaskar untuk membongkar landasan epistemiknya. Penelitian ini merumuskan permasalahan di atas dalam pertanyaan: 1) Bagaimana relasi Islam dan sains menurut Nidhal Guessoum, 2) Bagaimana pemikiran Nidhal Guessoum atas Islam dan sains dalam perspektif realisme Roy Bhaskar? Dalam menguraikan permasalah tersebut penulis menggunakan jenis metode kualitatif dan penerapan analisis filososfis melalui perspektif realisme Bhaskar. Studi ini menemukan: 1) Nidhal Guessoum memberi pendasaran bagaimana Islam dan sains saling berkombinasi. Ia mendudukkan peran sains dalam menghadirkan tafsir yang relevan untuk teks-teks keagamaan. Bagi Guessoum, tafsir keagamaan haruslah ramah sains. Dengan begitu sains dan Islam tidak bertentangan satu sama lain. 2) Pemikiran Nidhal Guessoum atas relasi Islam dan sains dapat dikategorikan bercorak realisme di dalam ilmu pengetahuan. Melalui realisme transcendental Bhaskar yang membedakan dimensi transitif dan intransitive, selaras dengan pandangan Guessoum bahwa sains masih memiliki ruang yang tersisa pada subyektifitas. Namun bukan berarti sains itu semata-mata merupakan konstitusi subyek.
Kata kunci: Relasi Islam dan sains, Relasi sains dan agama, Nidhal Guessoum, Realisme, Roy Bhaskar
Berry Mayall and Roy Bhaskar: critical thinkers
Full text linkExchanges between the great range of disciplines and experts within IOE (Institute of Education), UCL’s Faculty of Education and Society (University College London, UK), can be very productive. This article celebrates two professors who, in markedly different ways, have transformed interdisciplinary understanding of their chosen specialties. Some of their ideas are summarised here to encourage readers who could benefit from their publications and are not yet familiar with them to be keen to study and gain from them. Berry Mayall and Roy Bhaskar might seem too dissimilar to fit into one article. Berry worked here for nearly fifty years, Roy for only seven. One was a sociologist, working mainly on empirical research, the other a philosopher developing extremely advanced theories. Yet they both developed critical new ideas and were under-recognised within IOE despite their international influence. Roy is such a prestigious philosopher, many may wonder why a whole article is not dedicated to him. My aims include recording some benefits of the interdisciplinary thinking he promoted. This article briefly considers some of the ideas that each developed and why these are important; their collaborative work; memories from colleagues they have influenced; and their contribution to IOE’s history and, potentially, to its future
Realismo y postempirismo. Algunas notas desde la obra de Roy Bhaskar
Full text linkFil: Scribano, Adrián. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca; Argentina.Desde esta sencilla presentación, pretendo retomar la cuestión fundamental de esta comunicación, a saber: mostrar algunas de las características del post-empirismo en las Ciencias Sociales, que permitan comprender mejor los cambios producidos en la Teoría Social actual y que posibiliten entender las renovadas maneras de conectar Filosofía y Ciencias Sociales. Para ello me serviré del pensamiento de Roy Bhaskar, uno de los autores claramente post-empirista de la Filosofía de las Ciencias Sociales.Fil: Scribano, Adrián. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca; Argentina
Da ontologia à ética: o beco sem saída idealista de Roy Bhaskar e o caminho realista de György Lukács
No full textNesta tese, analisamos as obras de György Lukács e Roy Bhaskar de um ponto de vista histórico, biográfico e teórico para mostrar que o primeiro desses autores, ao contrário do segundo, é capaz de elaborar uma ontologia em sintonia com desdobramentos sobre o comportamento moral. Contribuem para isso alguns problemas da ontologia de Bhaskar como, a saber, a suposição de que a ética deve ser fundada não em uma ontologia, mas em uma antropologia, a hierarquia atribuída por ele ao valor científico, um antagonismo radical entre ciência e ideologia e, principalmente, a flagrante indiferença de sua obra quanto à incompatibilidade de ciência e religião. Lukács, por sua vez, demonstra, na análise do complexo do trabalho, o vínculo entre ontologia e ética desde as formas simples de práticas.Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do RJIn this thesis, we analyze the works of György Lukács and Roy Bhaskar from a historical, biographical and theoretical point of view to show that the first of these authors is capable of elaborating an ontology in tune with explanations about moral behavior. Some of Bhaskar's ontological problems that help us to understand his inability to manage the link between ontology and ethics are, namely, the assumption that ethics should be founded not on ontology but on anthropology, a superiority assigned by him to the scientific value, a radical antagonism between science and ideology and, mainly, a flagrant indifference of his work and the incompatibility between science and religion. Lukács, however, demonstrates the connection between ontology and ethics in the analysis of the labor complex.282 f
Critical realism of Roy Bhaskar – Basic Critical Realism
No full textKrytyczny realizm przyczynia się do rozwoju rzeczywistej wiedzy o społeczeństwie, przezwyciężając niedomagania wielu konkurencyjnych sposobów ujmowania rzeczywistości społecznej. Realistyczna filozofia nauki i nauk społecznych wprowadzona przez Roya Bhaskara daje impuls do postrzegania rzeczywistości społecznej w zupełnie odmienny sposób. Dorobek naukowy Bhaskara jest ogromny, jednak nie jest dostatecznie spopularyzowany wśród polskich czytelników. Głównym celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie założeń krytycznego realizmu odnoszących się do pierwszego etapu rozwoju teorii, określanego mianem Basic Critical Realism. Publikacja prezentuje ważniejsze nawiązania do zagadnień ontologicznych, epistemologicznych oraz częściowo do wymiaru metafizyki. Artykuł kieruję do odbiorców zainteresowanych krytyczno-realistyczną wizją opisu rzeczywistości, reprezentujących różne dziedziny nauki i dyscypliny naukowe, pragnących wykorzystać ten intelektualny program w planowanych przedsięwzięciach badawczych.Critical realism contributes to the development of actual knowledge of society by overcoming the shortcomings of many competing epistemological approaches to social reality. Realistic philosophy of science and social sciences stems from the work of British scientists, which have been for decades led by Roy Bhaskar. Bhaskar’s academic achievements are impressive, but remain largely unknown among Polish readers. The main aim of the article is to present the assumptions of critical realism relating to the first stage of theory development, known as Basic Critical Realism. The article presents more important references to ontological and epistemological issues and partly to the dimension of metaphysics. In the following series of the article, the description of Bhaskar’s work will be deepened and broadened, which increases our cognitive curiosity. The article is addressed to recipients interested in a critical and realistic vision of the description of reality, representing various fields of science and scientific disciplines, whose representatives wish to use this intellectual program in their planned research ventures
REALISMO CRÍTICO E HISTÓRIA: : ENSAIO SOBRE AS CONVERGÊNCIAS ENTRE E. P. THOMPSON E ROY BHASKAR
Full text linkThis essay investigates the theoretical convergences between English historian Edward Palmer Thompson and philosopher Roy Bhaskar, particularly in developing alternative realist epistemologies. The text argues that despite Thompson not being a philosopher by training, his capacity to engage in high-level theoretical debates allows for productive dialogue with Bhaskar's "dialectical critical realism." The analysis focuses on three fundamental aspects: first, the ontological conception of multiple interacting layers of reality, where both authors defend a stratified reality that includes the past, possible futures, moral values, and feelings as material forces; second, the necessary differentiation between epistemology and ontology, rejecting the reduction of being to knowledge; and third, the dialectical tension between provisional totality and singularity in the process of knowledge. Both thinkers combat the supposed antitheses between materiality/values, particularity/totality, and subjectivity/objectivity, proposing open, relational ontologies in permanent movement. The essay concludes that Thompson and Bhaskar share an alternative realist perspective that recognizes reality's autonomy in relation to the knowing subject, without falling into naive realism, always maintaining the productive tension between knowledge and reality.Este ensaio investiga as convergências teóricas entre o historiador inglês Edward Palmer Thompson e o filósofo Roy Bhaskar, particularmente no desenvolvimento de epistemologias realistas alternativas. O texto argumenta que, apesar de Thompson não ser filósofo de formação, sua capacidade de engajar-se em debates teóricos de alto nível permite estabelecer diálogo produtivo com o "realismo crítico dialético" de Bhaskar. A análise concentra-se em três aspectos fundamentais: primeiro, a concepção ontológica de múltiplas camadas do real em interação, na qual ambos autores defendem uma realidade estratificada que inclui o passado, os futuros-possíveis, os valores morais e os sentimentos como forças materiais; segundo, a diferenciação necessária entre epistemologia e ontologia, rejeitando a redução do ser ao conhecimento; e terceiro, a tensão dialética entre totalidade provisória e singularidade no processo de conhecimento. Ambos os pensadores combatem as supostas antíteses entre materialidade/valores, particularidade/totalidade, subjetividade/objetividade e propõem ontologias abertas, relacionais e em movimento permanente. O ensaio conclui que Thompson e Bhaskar compartilham uma perspectiva realista alternativa que reconhece a autonomia da realidade em relação ao sujeito cognoscente, sem cair no realismo ingênuo, mantendo sempre a tensão produtiva entre conhecimento e realidade
The realist approach to explanatory mechanisms in social science: More than a heuristic? Philosophy of the Social Sciences 39(3
No full textThe mechanism-realist paradigm in the philosophy of science, championed by Mario Bunge and Roy Bhaskar, sets certain expectations for the substantive social-scientific application of the paradigm. To evaluate the application of the paradigm in accomplished substantive research, as well as the potential for future research, I examine the work of Charles Tilly, the exemplary substantive work in the mechanism-realist tradition. Based on this examination, I argue for the usefulness of explanatory mechanisms, provided that they are couched in terms of a heuristic. Such a position is the most reasonable one to adopt given the expectations set by the paradigm in relation to complexity stemming from mechanism interaction and to a notion of causality that is deeper than that acknowledged by empiricism and positivism
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