125,432 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Strandesia colombiensis Roessler 1990
No full text13. Strandesia colombiensis Roessler, 1990 change of rank (Figs. 39–41) 1990b Strandesia psittacea colombiensis n. subsp. —Roessler: 216, Fig. 1b, g, j, Fig. 2d, e, f, Figs. 3–4. Type locality and material Villavicencio (4°4’N- 73°39’W), Meta department, Colombia. This species was described from temporary pools and lagoons by Roessler (1990b). Type material (holotype and paratypes) is stored in the Natural Sciences Institute of National University of Colombia, no: ICN-MHN-CR-1157 and ICN-MHN-CR 1158,1159, respectively (Roessler, 1990b). Material examined One female (MZUSP 40455) used for soft part illustrations and five females (MZUSP 40456, MZUSP 40457- MZUSP 40460) used for SEM from Gavião Lake (22°40’48.6”S, 53°12’58.6”W). All illustrated specimens are from the Paraná River floodplain. Measurements of illustrated specimens (in mm) L (n=3): 1.530 –1.568, H (n=2): 0.916 –0.1016, W (n=3): 0.758 –0.792. Diagnosis Cp subovate, with greatest height situated in front of the middle. RV with an antero-ventral pointed beak and one posteroventral spine; with calcified inner lamella wide along anterior margin, narrow along ventral and posterior margins; anterior selvage inwardly displaced and not running parallel to valve margin. LV with calcified inner lamella as in RV, and with internal groove along ventral margin. A2 with natatory setae almost reaching the tips of apical claws. CR with ventral margin strongly serrated, its attachment with a Triebel’s loop oval-triangular, situated in the main branch. Abbreviated redescription of female LVi (Fig. 39A) with greatest height situated in front of the middle; dorsal margin evenly rounded; calcified inner lamella wide long anterior margin, narrow along ventral and posterior margins; internal groove along ventral margin. RVi (Fig. 39B, G, H) greatest height situated in front of the middle; with dorsal margin evenly rounded; calcified inner lamella as in the LVi; with an antero-ventral pointed beak (Fig. 39G) and a posteroventral spine (Fig. 39H); anterior selvage inwardly displaced, not running parallel to valve margin. CpLl (Fig. 39C) with dorsal margin curved; greatest height situated in front of the middle; external valve surface densely set with setae; with antero-ventral beak and one postero-ventral spine. CpD (Fig. 39D) and CpV (Fig. 39E) subovate; anteriorly with a skewed rostrum and posteriorly obtusely rounded. CpFr (Fig. 39F) subtriangular and oblique with LV being the lower valve. A1 (not illustrated) with seven segments. First segment with one short subapical seta and two long apical setae; WO not seen. Second segment wider than long, with one short dorsal seta and a small ventral RO. Third segment with two setae (the smaller with the length of the fourth segment). Fourth segment with two short and two long setae. Fifth segment with three long and one short setae. Sixth segment with four long setae. Seventh segment with one short and two long setae, and one aesthetasc ya slightly longer than the short seta. A2 (Fig. 40A, B) with protopodite, exopodite and three-segmented endopodite. Protopodite with two ventral setae; and one long ventro-distal seta, the latter reaching beyond the tip of the first endopodal segment. Exopodite reduced to a small plate, with one long and two unequal short setae. First endopodal segment with one ventral aesthetasc Y, one long apical seta (reaching beyond the tip of the last endopodal segment), one group of five long and one short swimming setae (the five long setae almost reaching the tips of apical claws; the short one reaching the middle of second endopodal segment). Second endopodal segment undivided, with two unequal dorsal setae and a group of four unequal, long ventral t setae; apically with three claws (G1 and G3 equally long, G2 slightly shorter than G1), three setae (z1 longest, z2 and z3 slightly shorter than z1) and a short apical aesthetasc y2 (Fig. 40B). Terminal segment (Fig. 40B) with two claws (one long, GM; one short, Gm), an aesthetasc y3 with an accompanying seta (seta longer than aesthetasc), fused over a short distance only, and a fine g-seta, the latter shorter than aesthetasc y3 and its accompanying seta. First segment of Md palp (Fig. 40 C—chaetotaxy not completely shown) with short (not reaching beyond tip of ss-seta) and smooth α-seta. Second segment ventrally with long (longer than α-seta) stout and hirsute ss-seta, slightly longer than α-seta. Penultimate segment laterally with stout, cone-shaped, hirsute γ-seta. Terminal segment rectan- gular, almost 1.5x as long as basal width. Md coxa (not illustrated) as typical of the family, elongated with an apical row of strong teeth of variable size, interspaced with some small setae. Mx1 (Fig. 40 D—chaetotaxy not completely shown) with three masticatory lobes, a two-segmented palp and a large respiratory plate (the latter not illustrated). Basal segment of palp with six long apical setae, and one short subapical seta. Terminal palp segment ca. 1.5x as long as basal width, slightly curved, apically with three claws and three setae. Third endite with two large, distally serrated bristles. Lateral seta on third endite reaching beyond the tip of this endite. First endite with one sideways-directed bristle only, and two long, unequal basal setae. T1 protopodite (Fig. 40E) with two short a-setae, b and d-seta equally long; both hirsute. Apically with 10 hirsute setae, subapically with a group of four such setae. Endopodite with three unequal long hirsute apical setae (not illustrated). T2 (Fig. 40F) protopodite with seta d1 relatively long and seta d2 shorter, ca. 3/4 of the length of d1. First endopodal segment with one subapical hirsute seta (e). Second endopodal segment medially divided into a- and bsegments; segment “a” with one long apical hirsute seta (f); segment “b” with one shorter seta (g) reaching beyond the terminal segment. Third endopodal segment with one apical claw (h2) and two setae (one ventro-apical (h1) with 1/7 the length of h2 and one dorso-apical (h3) slightly longer than h3). T3 (Fig. 41 A—chaetotaxy not completely shown) with three segments. First segment with three long setae (d1, d2, dp). Second segment, longer than wide, with one subapical seta (e). Third segment, also longer than wide, with one lateral, hirsute seta (f); distal part of the third segment fused with fourth segment into a modified pincer, with one apical comb-like seta (h2), one small recurved seta, with 1/5 of the length of the comb-like seta, and one longer and distally hirsute seta (h3). Small tooth-like structures present at the base of the comb-like seta (arrowed in Figure 41A). CR (Fig. 41B) slender and curved, with ventral margin strongly serrated. Proximal claw 2/3 of the length of distal claw. Proximal seta hirsute, ca. 1/4 of distal seta. CR attachment (Fig. 41C) stout, with Triebel’s loop oval-triangular, situated in the main branch; vb long and straight; db short and weakly curved. Male unknown. Remarks This is the first record of Strandesia psittacea colombiensis in Brazil. This subspecies was described by Roessler (1990b) from temporary pools and lakes near the city of Villavicencio in Colombia. The similarity of this species with Strandesia psittacea (Sars, 1901) was discussed by Roessler (1990b), who then described it as a new subspecies. However, there are significant, and especially consistent, differences in the ratio of L/H of the carapace (S. psittacea, 1.84–1.84; S. psittacea colombiensis, 1.54 – 1.67); the more curved dorsal region on S. psittacea colombi- ensis; and the differences in frontal view of the carapace, with S. psittacea with a rounded shape, whereas S. psittacea colombiensis has a subtriangular shape.Also, the antero-ventral beak is more rounded in S. psittacea and more pointed in S. colombiensis. These morphological differences support the decision to raise S. psittacea colombiensis to the rank of species, with the name of Strandesia colombiensis. Roessler (1990a) described Strandesia psittacea colombiensis, while Roessler (1990b) described S. obtusata colombiensis. Following the ICZN, names of species and subspecies have the same nomenclatorial rank. Therefore, S. obtusata colombiensis is a junior homonym of S. psittacea colombiensis. Martens & Behen (1994) therefore renamed the junior name as Strandesia obtusata roessleri. By here raising the rank of S. psittacea colombiensis to species-level, the name S. colombiensis is thus available and can be used. Differential diagnosis Strandesia colombiensis is similar to Strandesia psittacea, but it can be distinguished by the higher valves, the more curved dorsal margin, and the more pointed antero-ventral beak. In frontal view, S. colombiensis has a subtriangular shape, whereas S. psittacea is rounded. Ecology and distribution Strandesia colombiensis was recorded only from lentic environments, associated with a variety of macrophytes, with different life forms, in the Amazon and Paraná floodplains. This species occurred in acidic to basic environments, with a pH range of 4.2–9.7. Electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen ranges were 11–63 µS. cm-1 and 0.4–6.1 mg. L-1, respectively (see Table 1). Distribution: Brazil and Colombia.Published as part of Ferreira, Vitor Góis, Higuti, Janet & Martens, Koen, 2020, Taxonomic revision of Strandesia s. s. (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from four Brazilian floodplains, with the description of three new species, pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 4760 (1) on pages 66-71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4760.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/374360
Guidelines for resuscitation 2005 - What is their effect, what is new?
No full textUnder coordination of the International Liason Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) for several years experts all over the world allocated resuscitation measures by their level of evidence, that would lead to improved survival after cardiac arrest. Derived from the "Consensus of Science" in 2005 the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) published the reedited guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The most important effect of the guideline changes is that external cardiac compressions can be performed for longer periods without interruptions. This has been possible since resuscitation measures that have not shown to improve survival now have to be done less frequently. Hereby it seems to be easier to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation more efficiently and structured. But it also had to be noticed that some changes, e.g. immediate continuation of external cardiac compressions following defibrillation, are more difficult to teach. New conclusions indicate that further guideline changes can be expected
Strandesia psittacea Roessler 1990
No full text12. Strandesia psittacea (Sars, 1901) Roessler 1990 (Figs. 36–38) 1901 Cypris psittacea n. sp. —Sars: 24, Plate V, Figs. 13-15. 1990b Strandesia psittacea (Sars, 1901) — Roessler: 216, Figs. 1-4. 1990b Strandesia trichosa n.sp. —Roessler: 221, Fig. 1c, f, k, Fig. 2g, h, i, Figs. 5, 6 nov. syn. (see below ‘remarks’). Type locality and material São Paulo and Ipiranga, Brazil. This species was described based on specimens hatched from dried mud by Sars (1901) from these two locations. Repository of type material unknown (Karanovic 2012). Material examined One female (MZUSP 40449) used for soft part illustrations and five females (MZUSP 40450, MZUSP 40451– MZUSP 40454) used for SEM, all from Gavião Lake (22°40’48.6”S, 53°12’58.6”W). All illustrated specimens are from the Paraná River floodplain. Measurements of illustrated specimens (in mm) L (n=3): 1.478 –1.543, H (n=2): 0.803 –0.838, W (n=2): 0.717 –0.785. Diagnosis Cp elongated, dorsal region smoothly curved; with greatest height situated in front of the middle. RV with an antero-ventral, bluntly pointed beak-like projection; postero-ventrally with one to two spines; with a widely inwardly displaced anterior selvage, not running parallel to the valve margin. Both valves with calcified inner lamella wide along anterior margin, narrow along ventral and posterior margins. LV with inner groove along ventral margin. A2 with natatory setae reaching 3/4 of the length of of apical claws. CR ventrally weakly serrated; its attachment with a triangular Triebel’s loop, situated in the main branch. Abbreviated redescription of female LVi (Fig. 36A) elongated, with calcified inner lamella wide along anterior margin, narrow along ventral and posterior margins; internal groove along ventral margin; greatest height situated well in front of the middle. RVi (Fig. 36B, 36G) elongated, with calcified inner lamella as in LVi; antero-ventrally with a bluntly pointed beak (Fig. 36G) and posteriorly with one spine (Fig. 36 H—slightly broken in this view); anteriorly with a widely inwardly displaced selvage, not running parallel to the valve margin; reatest height situated well in front of the middle. CpLl (Fig. 36C) with dorsal region smoothly curved; with greatest height situated in front of the middle; external valve surface densely set with setae; antero-ventrally with a bluntly-pointed beak and postero-ventrally with one spine. CpD (Fig. 36D) and CpV (36E) views subovate; greatest width situated in the middle, anteriorly with a pointed rostrum, posterior margin more evenly rounded. CpFr (36F) slightly oblique, with LV being the lower valve. A1 (not illustrated) with seven segments. First segment with one short subapical seta and two long apical setae. Second segment wider than long, with one short dorsal seta and a small ventral RO. Third segment with two setae (the smaller one with the length of the fourth segment). Fourth segment with two short and two long setae. Fifth segment with three long and one short setae. Sixth segment with four long setae. Seventh segment with one short and two long setae, and one aesthetasc ya slightly longer than the short seta. A2 (Fig. 37 A-B) with protopodite, exopodite and three-segmented endopodite. Protopodite with two ventral setae, and one long ventro-distal seta, the latter reaching just beyond tip of first endopodal segment. Exopodite reduced to a small plate, with one long and two unequal short setae. First endopodal segment with one ventral aesthetasc Y, one long apical seta (reaching the tip of the second endopodal segment), and a group of five long and one short swimming setae (the five long setae just reaching 3/4 of the length of the apical claws; the short one almost reaching the middle of third segment). Second endopodal segment undivided, with two unequal dorsal setae and a group of four ventral t setae; apically with three claws (G1, G2, and G3 equally long), three setae (z1 and z3 slightly shorter than z2, and z2 almost reaching the tip of G2) and a short apical aesthetasc y2 (Fig. 37B). Terminal segment (Fig. 37B) with two claws (one long, GM; one short, Gm), an aesthetasc y3 with an accompanying seta (seta longer than aesthetasc), fused over a short distance only, and a fine g-seta, the latter shorter than aesthetasc y3 and its accompanying seta. First segment of Md palp (Fig. 37 C—chaetotaxy not completely shown) with long (reaching beyond tip of ssseta) and smooth α-seta. Second segment ventrally with long (slightly longer than α-seta), stout and hirsute ss-seta. Penultimate segment laterally with cone-shaped, stout and distally hirsute γ-seta. Terminal segment ca. 1.5x as long as basal width, tapering. Md coxa (not illustrated) as typical of the family, elongated with an apical row of strong teeth of variable size, interspaced with some small setae. Mx1 (Fig. 37 D—chaetotaxy not completely shown) with three masticatory lobes, a two-segmented palp and a large respiratory plate (the latter not illustrated). Basal segment of palp with six long apical setae and one short subapical seta. Terminal palp segment ca. twice as long as basal width, slightly curved and tapering, apically with three claws and three setae. Third endite with two large, distally serrated bristles. Lateral seta on third endite, reaching beyond the end of the endite. Fist endite with one sideways-directed bristle only and two long, unequal basal setae. T1 protopodite (Fig. 37E) with two short a-setae; b-seta and d-seta equally hirsute, with d-seta slightly shorter than b-seta. Apically with 10 hirsute setae, subapically with a group of four such setae. Endopodite with three unequal long hirsute apical setae (not illustrated). T2 (Fig. 37F) protopodite with seta d1 relatively long and seta d2 shorter, ca. 2/3 of the length of d1. First endopodal segment with one subapical hirsute seta (e). Second endopodal segment medially divided into a- and bsegments; segment “a” with one long apical hirsute seta (f); segment “b” with one shorter seta (g) reaching beyond the terminal segment. Third endopodal segment with one apical claw (h2) and two setae (one ventro-apical (h1) with 1/7 the length of h2, and one dorso-apical (h3) slightly shorter than h1). T3 (Fig. 38 A—chaetotaxy not completely shown) with three segments. First segment with three long setae (d1, d2, dp). Second segment, longer than wide, with one subapical seta (e). Third segment, also longer than wide, with one lateral, hirsute seta (f); distal part of the third segment fused with fourth segment into a modified pincer, with one apical comb-like seta (h2), one small recurved seta, with 1/3 of the length of the comb-like seta, and one longer and distally hirsute seta (h3). Small tooth-like structures present near the base of the comb-like seta (arrowed in Figure 38A). CR (Fig. 38B) slender and curved, with ventral margin serrated. Proximal claw 3/4 of the length of distal claw. Proximal seta hirsute, ca. 2/5 of length of distal seta. CR attachment (Fig. 38C) stout, with Triebel’s loop triangular, situated in the main branch; vb long and straight; db short and curved. Male unknown. Remarks Strandesia trichosa Roessler, 1990, a Colombian species, resembles Strandesia psittacea (Sars, 1901) in the general shape, the presence of a postero-ventral spine and and antero-ventral bluntly rounded beak on the RV. The size is also quite similar, L: 1.540 µm, H: 800 µm, W: 785 µm for S. psittacea, and, L: 1.530 µm, H: 804 µm, W: 840 µm for S. trichosa. Roessler (1990b) considered the difference between these two species was based on the caudal ramus, more specifically in the curves of the claws. Here, comparing the morphology of the Brazilian specimens to the description of Roessler (1990b), we do not agree with this decision and thus consider Strandesia trichosa (Roessler, 1990) a junior synonym of Strandesia psittacea (Sars, 1901). Differential diagnosis Strandesia psittacea is similar to Strandesia colombiensis (see below), but the valves are less high. Both species are well defined by the hirsute external valve surfaces, the bluntly pointed antero-ventral beak and the postero-ventral spine. Ecology and distribution Strandesia psittacea was recorded from lentic and lotic environments, associated with a variety of macrophytes with different life forms, in the Amazon, Araguaia and Paraná floodplains. This species occurred in acidic to basic environments, with a pH range of, 4.7–9.7. Electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen ranges were 12–80.4 µS. cm-1 and 0.2–8.2 mg. L-1, respectively (see Table 1). Distribution: Brazil and Colombia.Published as part of Ferreira, Vitor Góis, Higuti, Janet & Martens, Koen, 2020, Taxonomic revision of Strandesia s. s. (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from four Brazilian floodplains, with the description of three new species, pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 4760 (1) on pages 61-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4760.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/374360
Die Zügellosigkeit der Erkenntnisproduktion – Zur Rolle ethischer und politischer Kontrollen der Wissenschaft in Humangenetik und Reproduktionsbiologie
No full textWeingart P. Die Zügellosigkeit der Erkenntnisproduktion – Zur Rolle ethischer und politischer Kontrollen der Wissenschaft in Humangenetik und Reproduktionsbiologie. In: Ruhnau E, Kridlo S, Busch B, Roessler K, eds. Ethik und Heuchelei. Köln: DuMont; 2000: 106-117
Pragmatic Case Studies as a Source of Unity in Applied Psychology
No full textTo unify or not to unify applied psychology: that is the question. In this article we review pendulum swings in the historical efforts to answer this question—from a comprehensive, positivist, “top-down,” deductive yes between the 1930s and the early 60s, to a postmodern no since then. A rationale and proposal for a limited, “bottom-up,” inductive yes in applied psychology is then presented, employing a case-based paradigm that integrates both positivist and postmodern themes and components. This paradigm is labeled “pragmatic psychology” and, its specific use of case studies, the “Pragmatic Case Study Method” (“PCS Method”). We call for the creation of peer-reviewed journal-databases of pragmatic case studies as a foundational source of unifying applied knowledge in our discipline. As one example, the potential of the PCS Method for unifying different angles of theoretical regard is illustrated in an area of applied psychology, psychotherapy, via the case of Mrs. B. The article then turns to the broader historical and epistemological arguments for the unifying nature of the PCS Method in both applied and basic psychology.Peer reviewe
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