1,721,515 research outputs found
“L’evoluzione dell’Energy labelling: analisi delle dinamiche a livello internazionale”
No full textThe increasing concern about business impacts on the environment and society has resulted in growing attention toward sustainable production and consumption models. Currently a wide range of tools providing significant benchmarks for sustainability product performance as well as guidance for consumers is available.
Energy labels are informative labels applied to manufactured products indicating data relative to energy performance, generally in terms of consumption, efficiency, cost, and so on. Consumers thus are provided with the necessary information for making more-informed choices.
Currently, three categories of energy labels are used in most countries: endorsement, comparative, and information only. Endorsement labels essentially offer a “seal of approval” that a product meets certain prespecified criteria.
They are generally based on a “yes/no” procedure and offer little additional information. One example of an
endorsement label for energy efficiency is the Energy Star label that is provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Comparative labels are divided into two subcategories: one involves a categorical ranking system, and the other uses a continuous scale or bar graph to show relative energy use. The category labels use a ranking system that tells consumers how energy efficient a model is compared to others. The main emphasis is on establishing clear categories so that the consumer can easily understand, by looking at a single label, how an energy-efficient product compares relative to others in the market. The European energy label is an example of a category label. The other category of comparative label—continuous scale labels—provide comparative information that
enables consumers to make informed choices about products; however, they do not concern specific categories.
The Canadian energy guide is an example of the continuous-scale label. Information-only labels provide data on the technical performance of the labeled product and offer no simple way (such as a ranking system) to compare energy performance between products. These types of labels are generally not consumer friendly because they contain only technical information. It is important to keep a consistent label style and format across product types; this makes it easier for consumers to understand individual types of labels to evaluate different products. Selecting a label to use is not always easy and usually depends on local consumer knowledge and attitudes. The endorsement label is quite effective, at least with consumers that are attentive to environmental issues. Categorical comparison labels provide more information about energy use and, if well designed and implemented, can provide a consistent basis that buyers can focus on when evaluating energy efficiency from one purchase to another. Continuous scale labels can transmit more detailed information on relative energy use, but research has shown that this label format may be difficult for consumers to understand.
Information-only labels are generally more effective for the most educated and economically and/or environmentally concerned consumers
I licheni nell ́opera "Dell ́Historia Naturale. Libri XXVIII" di Ferrante Imperato (sec. XVI)
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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