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Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Menulis Cerpen dengan Strategi Pemodelan dan Media Lirik Lagu untuk Siswa Kelas X SMA
No full textABSTRAK Wahyuningtyas, Rina Novia. 2013. Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Menulis Cerpen dengan Strategi Pemodelan dan Media Lirik Lagu untuk Siswa Kelas X SMA. Skripsi. Jurusan Sastra Indonesia Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing: (I) Prof. Dr. H. Dawud, M.Pd, (II) Dr. Roekhan, M.Pd. Kata kunci: pengembangan bahan ajar, menulis cerpen, pembelajaran menulis cerpen, strategi pemodelan, media lirik lagu Menulis karangan berdasarkan pengalaman orang lain dalam cerpen (pelaku, peristiwa, latar) merupakan salah satu kompetensi dasar yang harus dikuasai oleh siswa kelas X SMA. Kegiatan menulis cerpen ini dapat meningkatkan kreativitas siswa untuk dapat menghasilkan cerpen yang baik. Namun, harapan tersebut masih kurang mendapat perhatian. Terbukti dengan adanya beberapa hambatan, antara lain hambatan dari faktor internal yaitu dari diri siswa itu sendiri dan faktor eksternal yaitu pada tersedianya bahan ajar, media, dan strategi yang digunakan oleh guru. Untuk itu diperlukan pengembangan bahan ajar menulis cerpen yang dapat mengatasi hambatan yang ada. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk mendukung proses pembelajaran menulis cerpen di SMA. Ada beberapa alasan yang mendasari pentingnya pengembangan bahan ajar, yakni kebutuhan siswa dan tuntutan guru untuk dapat memberikan materi pembelajaran yang berkualitas serta sesuai dengan karakteristik siswa kelas X SMA. Tujuan umum penelitian pengembangan ini adalah menghasilkan produk bahan ajar menulis cerpen dengan strategi pemodelan dan media lirik lagu untuk siswa kelas X SMA. Tujuan umum tersebut, kemudian dirinci menjadi beberapa tujuan khusus, yaitu menghasilkan materi serta latihan (1) pemilihan ide dan tema cerpen, (2) penokohan cerpen, (3) pemilihan latar cerpen, (4) penentuan sudut pandang cerpen, dan (5) pemilihan dan pengembangan alur cerpen dengan strategi pemodelan dan media lirik lagu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian pengembangan. Metode penelitian ini diadaptasi dari model pengembangan pembelajaran Borg and Gall. Berdasarkan model tersebut terdapat 4 tahapan prosedur penelitian pengembangan, yakni (1) tahap prapengembangan, (2) tahap pengembangan, (3) tahap uji coba, dan (4) tahap revisi produk. Produk hasil penelitian ini diuji coba kepada ahli menulis cerpen, ahli pembelajaran menulis cerpen, praktisi (guru bahasa Indonesia), dan kelompok kecil siswa yang beranggotakan 10 siswa dengan membagikan angket. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba dengan ahli menulis cerpen, ahli pembelajaran sastra, dan praktisi, jika dirata-rata memperoleh persentase sebagai berikut. Hasil uji kelayakan sistematika penulisan bahan ajar memperoleh persentase sebesar 91,66%, kesesuaian kompetensi bahan ajar 87,5%, keakuratan dan kedalaman materi pada bahan ajar 80,24%, penggunaan bahasa pada bahan ajar 83,3% dan kelayakan tampilan bahan ajar 85,4%. Selain hasil uji coba tersebut, terdapat hasil uji coba dari kelompok kecil siswa. Menurut hasil uji coba kelompok kecil yang beranggotakan 10 siswa memperoleh persentase kelayakan sistematika penulisan bahan ajar sebesar 100%, isi dan bahasan 90,83%, penggunaan bahasa 91,25%, dan tampilan bahan ajar 94,16%. Bahan ajar yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini diberi judul Yuk, Menulis Cerpen dari Lirik Lagu. Bahan ajar ini terdiri atas 5 bagian. Bagian 1 memuat materi dan latihan pemilihan tema, bagian 2 memuat materi penokohan, bagian 3 memuat materi pemilihan latar, bagian 4 memuat materi penentuan sudut pandang, dan bagian 5 memuat materi alur dan pengembangan alur. Pada bagian 5 terdapat materi khusus yang memandu siswa untuk menulis cerpen secara utuh. Bahan ajar yang didominasi dengan warna hijau ini, dilengkapi dengan materi singkat tentang cerpen dan contoh cerpen sebagai pendahuluan, serta ruang refleksi dan rubrik penilaian sebagai penutup. Bahan ajar ini memiliki perbedaan dengan bahan ajar lain. Perbedaan ini terletak pada penggunaan strategi pemodelan. Strategi pemodelan memiliki 4 fase, yaitu fase atensi, retensi, reproduksi, dan motivasi. Selain strategi, bahan ajar ini juga memanfaatkan media lirik lagu. Strategi dan media yang digunakan pada bahan ajar ini diaplikasikan secara tidak langsung pada setiap bagian. Sebagai langkah pemanfaatan produk yang dihasilkan pada penelitian pengembangan ini, ada beberapa saran yang ditujukan untuk pihak-pihak yang berkaitan dengan pengembangan bahan ajar menulis cerpen. Untuk guru disarankan agar memanfaatkan bahan ajar menulis cerpen yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini dengan optimal. Untuk siswa disarankan agar memanfaatkan produk bahan ajar ini dengan mulai membaca dan mempelajari semua tahapan menulis cerpen yang ada.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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