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ANALISIS PEMBIAYAAN PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH KOTA PAYAKUMBUH
No full textUndang - Undang No. 18 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah
mengisyaratkan bahwa dalam pengelolaan sampah terdapat Proses Minimasi sampah dan
pengelolaan sampah. Sementara secara umum di Kota Payakumbuh s istem pengelolaaan
sampah mas ih bers ifat konvensional dengan sist im “kumpul-angkut-buang”. Dengan
sistim ini semua sampah diangkut ke TPA sehingga akan mempers ingkat Umur TPA.
Sistim ini juga memerlukan banyak alat pengangkut sampah, lahan TPS dan TPA yang
luas, sehingga akhirnya biaya operasional dan perawatan yang dikeluarkan t inggi.
Sementara pendapatan retr ibusi belum bisa menutupi biaya pengelolaan sampah
walaupun penerimaannya telah lebih dar i 100%. Keterbatasan anggaran pengelolaan
sampah akan berdampak pada t ingkat pelayanan sampah, dimana jumlah sampah
terangkut tahun 2012 adalah 58,47 %. Sehingga perlu dicari alternat if sist im pengelolaan
sampah yang pembiayaan diusahakan dapat dibiayai dar i penerimaan sektor sampah (selffinance).
Berdasarkan hal tersebut penelit ian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluas i kondis i
eksisting s ist im pengelolaan sampah Kota Payakumbuh serta menganalisa pembiayaan
terhadap alternatif pengelolaan sampah untuk peningkatan pelayanan pengelolaan sampah
Kota. Analisa yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitat if dan analisa menggunakan Cost
Recovery rate serta Cost Benef it analysis terhadap alternat if pengelolaan sampah. Dalam
penelit ian ini dilakukan 2 pendekatan pengelolaan sampah untuk peningkatan pelayanan;
yaitu Pendekatan 1 dengan sistim pengelolaan sampah yang berjalan saat ini (sistim
konvens ional) dan Pendekatan 2 yaitu pengelolaan sampah dengan pengolahan sampah di
TPST pada skala kawasan (sistim terpadu/modern).
Dari hasil penelit ian diketahui jika pelayanan pengelolaan sampah di Kota
Payakumbuh secara opt imal baru dilakukan di pusat kota dan pusat pemerintahan yang
berada di Kecamatan Payakumbuh Barat dan Kecamatan Payakumbuh Utara. Tingkat
pelayanan baru mecapai 50,41% (sampah terangkut). Ini diantaranya disebabkan karena
keterbatasan anggaran dimana biaya pengelolaan sampah hanya 1% dar i APBD Kota
Payakumbuh yang berimbas pada keterbatasan sarana prasarana dan kapas itas pelayanan
oleh petugas.
Berdasarkan has il perhitungan, pengelolaan sampah dengan Pendekatan 1
mampu mereduks i sampah yang dibuang ke TPA sebesar 2,24% dengan biaya
pengelolaan Rp. 6.802.243.134/tahun dan nilai CRR 13,46%, artinya 86,54%
pembiayaan pengelolaan sampah adalah murni subsidi pemerintah (APBD). Dengan
Pendekatan 2, reduksi sampah yang dibuang ke TPA sebesar 55,69% dengan biaya
pengelolaan Rp. 6.437.539.387/ tahun dan nilai CRR 84,11%, artinya pemer intah hanya
perlu mensubs idi 15,89%. Selanjutnya perhitungan CBA hanya dilakukan pada
Pendekatan 2, sebab Pendekatan 1 adalah pendekatan yang telah biasa dilakukan selama
ini. Perhitungan CBA terhadap Pendekatan 2 dilakukan terhadap 2 kondis i, yaitu analisa
CBA di TPST dan analisa CBA di terhadap sistim pengelolaan sampah kota secara
keseluruhan dengan Pendekatan 2.
Untuk analisa CBA di TPST, cost yang diperhitungkan adalah biaya investasi dan
operasional di TPST saja. Sedangkan manfaat yang diperhitungkan (tangible) adalah has il
penjualan pengolahan sampah baik kompos maupun mater ial 3R. Berdasarkan
perhitungan Cost Benef it Analisis pada pengolahan sampah di TPST (pendekatan 2)
didapat nilai NPV sebesar Rp. 9.562.102.820, BCR sebesar 1,4 dan IRR sebesar 29%,
art inya kondisi ini menguntungkan dan baik untuk investas i. Untuk perhitungan CBA
pada keseluruhan tahap pengelolaan sampah kota dengan pendekatan 2, cost yang
diperhitungkan adalah biaya investas i dan operasional secara keseluruhan (total).
Sedangkan manfaat yang dihitung (tangible) adalah pendapatan retribus i, pendapatan
penjualan pengelolaan sampah (kompos dan material 3R) serta pengurangan biaya
pengelolaan sampah dar i pengangkutan sampah ke TPA dan pengurangan biaya
kontr ibusi TPA akibat berkurangnya sampah yang dibuang ke TPA. Dasi has il
perhitungan didapat nilai NPV sebesar Rp.(2.370.190.574), BCR 0,97 dan IRR 8,23%
pada DF 12%.
Berdasarkan perhitungan tersebut dapat dis impulkan jika sistim pengelolaan
sampah Kota Payakumbuh belum dapat dilakukan oleh pihak swasta sepenuhnya. Namun
upaya ker jasama/ kemitraan dengan swasta ini terbuka untuk dilakukan terutama pada
pengolahan sampah di TPST pada masing – mas ing kawasan dengan nilai IRR 29% (pada
discount rate 12%). Jadi dengan s ist im pengelolaan sampah beror ientas i skala kawasan.
Dimana sampah tersebut dipilah, lalu diolah di TPST mampu menghasilkan IRR 29%
dengan sistim tersebut yang diperoleh dar i has il penjualan pengolahan dan pengelolaan
sampah. Investasi ini bisa diserahkan ke swasta sehingga biaya pengelolaan sampah tidak
lagi sepenuhnya /sebagian besar ditanggung pemer intah (disubsidi dar i APBD).
Kata Kunci: Reduksi Sampah, Pembiayaan Pengelolaan Sampah, Cost Recovery Rate,
Cost Benef it Analysi
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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