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Transcription: Retelling of Gulzaada Gushpur
No full textTranscription and free English translation of the recording of Ali Raza reciting "Gul Zaada Gushpur" -- a story of a prince named "Gul Zaada". Ali Raza is a speaker of the Nagar dialect of Burushaski
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Aqale Gus
No full textTranscription of Ali Raza reciting "Intelligent Woman," a popular story about a woman and an arranged marriage in Nagar Burushaski, with translations in English
Raza Ali Bungalow
No full textLocated past the railway bridge near Thuggi Jail to the east, this mansion is known as Raza Ali Bunglow. The arched entrance, projected windows, and a gallery with wooden carvings mark this mansion.exterior, exterior view, 200
Cross Country Entrepreneurial Development: Role of Cultural Practices and Macroeconomic Contingencies in Entrepreneurial Behaviour
Get PDFIntroduction of this dissertation highlights that former studies have identified a significant impact of entrepreneurship on country’s economic development. Entrepreneurial activity process deals with micro-level and macro-level characteristics (Davidsson and Wiklund, 2001), micro-level characteristics are human resources (e.g., Bhagavatula et al., 2010) and macro-level characteristics are institutions (e.g., Autio and Acs, 2010; Bowen and De Clercq, 2008). Shane (2009) argued that the innovative businesses with growth are important for countries economic development, not the general businesses. Aparicio et al., (2016) argued that Institutions are important factors to explain the entrepreneurial activities. North’s (1990) divides institutions in two categories, formal institutions and informal institutions. This dissertation explains the characteristics behind the difference of entrepreneurial activity creation across countries by considering the entrepreneurial cognition and national level institutions and their interactions on entrepreneurial behaviour.
This study is forgrounded on a comprehensive and thorough literature review, encompassing the studies conducted during the last 26 years to know that how many studies are available which has explored the impact of formal and informal institutions on entrepreneurial behaviour. With this aim, I have conducted a rigorous search of published articles in journals included in Social Sciences Citation Index®. The main findings of this chapter show that 101 articles are strictly empirical to the topic. I observed that more than half, around 51% of the articles were published in last five years. I also put my preferences on “published articles by authors´ country of academic affiliation” and found USA as the leading country with 32% of studies. Around 80% articles used the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor dataset and just 13 studies used multi-level modeling for analyzing this relationship. All of the multi-level studies were available in last four years, that identifies application of multi-level statistical technique is new to the field. Athough opportunities are available for future research, during my literature review I found some gaps, for example very few studies are available with an emphasis on quality of entrepreneurship, and the inconsistent treatment of levels of analysis.
The third chapter of this dissertation eloborates from a theoretical perspective and illustrate on the emerging point of view of social cognitive theory and institutional theory. I have built and tested a multilevel model on the outcome of innovative entrepreneurial entry. This study considers the relationship between entrepreneurial cognition and their likelihood to innovative entrepreneurial entry and particularly, how this relationship might be moderated by the macroeconomic context (government regulations and financial capital availability) formal institutions. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was appled to a sample of almost 190,015 individuals across 48 countries that spans on 8-years time period (2001-2008). I concluded that entrepreneurial cognition variables such as social capital, perceived opportunity and self-efficacy has positive relationship with innovative entrepreneurial entry and positively moderated by the government regulations and financial capital availability. These results support my Hypothesis 1a to 3c, and they have implications for researchers and practitioners in the field of innovative entrepreneurship.
The interrelationship between informal institutions cultural practices, entrepreneurial cognition, and innovative entrepreneurial entry has been discussed in the fourth chapter of this dissertation. While drawing attention on the institutional theory and social cognitive theory, the data was obtained from the GEM and the GLOBE study. I tested my Hypothesis 4a to 7c using multilevel methodology of a cross sectional panel dataset for 43 countries of 267,882 individuals over the period of (2001-2008). I found a positive effect of entrepreneurial cognition variables such as social capital, perceived opportunity and self-efficacy on innovative entrepreneurial entry is moderated by the institutional collectivism, performance orientation and uncertainty avoidance. Although, the present results have identified that individual-level variables motivating innovative entrepreneurship that are systematically entangled with, and embedded in, both entrepreneurial cognition and cultural practices. This implies some implications for methodological development in cross cultural research of innovative entrepreneurship.
An additional process “robustness check” with opportunity based entrepreneurship was performed to establish whether the hypotheses were in the same line of other indicators related to quality of entrepreneurship. I have built and tested empirically my Hypothesis 8a to 14c with macroeconomic context and societal context. Using multilevel methodology for both (macroeconomic context and societal context), over eight-years (2001-2008) with same number of individual I found a positive relationship between social capital, perceived opportunity, self-efficacy and opportunity based entrepreneurship. This relationship was found to be positively moderated by the government regulations and financial capital availability. On the other hand, for informal institutions I found positive association between social capital, perceived opportunity, self-efficacy and opportunity based entrepreneurship, in addition positively moderated by the institutional collectivism, performance orientation and uncertainty avoidance. The outcomes form “robustness checks” followed the same trend and further confirmed the hypothesis tested in the previous chapters. This process made my study more validated and valuable for policy makers to implicate policies
Entrepreneurial Cognitions and Innovative Entrepreneurial Entry: Moderating Role of Macroeconomic Context
No full textFIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN RAZA ALI HASAN SELECTED POEMS
Get PDFThis paper is entitled "The Analysis of Figurative Language Used in Raza Ali Hasan Selected Poems''. The purpose of this paper is to find the types and functions of figurative language in Raza Ali Hasan's selected poems entitled The Con of It All, The Emerald Mosque on the Hill, In that Part of the World, and No King, No King of Kings. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods to examine data collected from the web www.poetryfoundation.org. This method is carried out by collecting data through documentation and identifying existing clauses. From the result of the research, the researcher finds out that there are twelve types of figurative language found in Raza Ali Hasan selected poems, and they are metaphors (2%), similes (6%), personifications (15%), apostrophes (4%), synecdoche (7%), metonymies (12%), symbols (13%), allegories (4%), paradoxes (18%), hyperboles (10%), understatements (2%), and ironies (7%). The researcher also found that there are four functions of figurative language in Raza Ali Hasan's selected poems, and they are to provide imaginative pleasure, to add imagery, to increase emotional intensity, and to say a lot in a limited amount of words. The researcher discovered that several types of figurative language, such as metaphor, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, and hyperbole, serve the function of providing imaginative pleasure. The second function of figurative language is to provide additional imagery, and examples include simile, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole, and irony. The next function of figurative language is to increase emotional intensity, and some figurative language functions include simile, personification, apostrophe, metonymy, symbol, paradox, hyperbole, understatement, and irony. The final function of figurative language is to express something in a few words. Furthermore, figurative language with this function includes synecdoche, metonymy, and symbol
Structural crack detection using deep convolutional neural network / Raza Ali
No full textConvolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have immense potential to solve a broad range of computer vision (CV) problems. It has achieved encouraging results in numerous applications in engineering, medical, and other research fields. Thanks to the advancement in hardware, data collection procedures, and efficient algorithms. These innovations have changed the way how specific problems are solved as compared to conventional methods. In this work, CNN is implemented for civil structural crack detection. Cracks are significant indicators for the evaluation of the structural health and monitoring process. However, manual crack detection is a time-consuming and challenging task due to large areas, complex structures, and safety risks. Deep learning (DL) has emerged as an effective technique to automate the crack detection and identification process. For balanced data, existing DL models attempt to segment both crack pixels and non-crack pixels equally. However, due to the highly imbalanced ratio between crack pixels and non-crack pixels, the pixel-wise loss is dominantly guided by the non-crack region and has relatively little influence from the crack region. This leads to the low segmentation accuracy for crack pixels. To address the imbalance problem, this work proposes a local weighting factor with a difference transform map to remove the network biasness and accurately predict the sensitive pixels. Further, a deep fully CNN called crack segmentation network (CSN) is implemented for crack pixel segmentation. The CSN is an encoder-decoder architecture with four convolutional blocks in each section. Each convolutional block has residual connections with a different number of filters in each convolutional operation that segments the crack pixels and non-crack pixels with unbiased probabilities. Furthermore, the crack indicators are assessed through the implementation of a pixel connection technique that measures the crack characteristics (length, width, and area) and determines the crack orientation (vertical, horizontal, and diagonal). For performance evaluation, a new Multi Structure Crack Image (MSCI) dataset is built to train the proposed method which achieved 98.60% crack pixel accuracy, 98.35% non-crack pixel accuracy, and 98.48% average accuracy, respectively. In addition, the training time for 10 epochs has dramatically decreased and the experimental results show that the proposed CSN architecture has better crack pixel segmentation accuracy than FCN, U-Net, SegNet, and DeepLabv3+ architectures. Similarly, the proposed local weighting factor and difference transform map (LWF-DTM) has significantly reduced the wrong predictions, minimized the effect of an imbalanced pixel ratio, and outperformed the Cross-Entropy, Weighted Cross-Entropy, Dice, Tversky, and Focal loss function
Cross-country differences in innovative entrepreneurial activity An entrepreneurial cognitive view
Get PDFPurpose: The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between entrepreneurial cognition and innovative entrepreneurial activity (IEA) across countries using an institutional perspective. Design/methodology/approach: The paper tests theoretical model using data collected by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness study and the Index of Economic Freedom (IEF). A multi-level analysis is performed based on set of 1,004,620 observations from 49 countries spanning 13 years (2001–2013). Findings: The results suggest that in terms of formal regulations; the relationship between entrepreneurial cognitions and IEA becomes stronger when there is an increase in intellectual property right and business freedom regulations in a country. On the other hand, in terms of informal institutions the relationship between entrepreneurial cognitions and IEA becomes stronger when the level of institutional collectivism and uncertainty dec..
A 26 years Literature Review of National-Level Institutions: From Informal Institutions to Formal Institutions in Entrepreneurial Behaviour
No full textVisit of Raja Ali Raza Anwar, Chairman Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) of Pakistan
No full textDr Raja Ali Raza Anwar, Chairman Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Islamic Republic of Pakistan Tuesda
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