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Философско-эстетические грани мистического анархизма (Г.И. Чулков и Вяч. Иванов)
No full textРассматривается теория мистического анархизма, основателем которой является
Г.И. Чулков, русский писатель и представитель символизма. Предлагается историко-ли-
тературный обзор и анализ основных принципов, лежащих в основе данной теории, таких
как свобода личности, соборный индивидуализм, идея неприятия и преображения мира
через революционную борьбу. Раскрываются мотивы сотрудничества Г.И. Чулкова с од-
ним из крупнейших представителей Серебряного века, Вячеславом Ивановым, автором
вступительной статьи к манифесту мистических анархистов, вышедшему в свет в первое
десятилетие ХХ века. Выясняются причины постепенного исчезновения мистического
анархизма с литературной сцены, среди которых острая полемика, возникшая между мос-
ковским и петербургским крылом символистов. Выявлена роль печатных органов в лите-
ратурном процессе начала ХХ века
G. I. Chulkov: problemy nauainoj biografii pisatelja s 1879 g. do Oktjabraiskoj revoljucii (na materiale neizdannoj semejnoj perepiski 1901-1938 gg.)
Full text linkMy thesis is a monographic work devoted to the reconstruction of the biography of the writer Georgy Ivanovich Chulkov (1879-1939), one of the protagonists of the Russian literary scene in the first decades of the 20th century. Chulkov should be considered as a rather singular figure whose production, despite the multiplicity and originality that characterize it, is often unfairly neglected, if not forgotten: his name rarely appears among the greatest exponents of the Silver Age. Chulkov was a poet, novelist, playwright, literary critic, biographer and, above all, a tireless organizer of Russian literary life of that time. His interests ranged from the meticulous study of Russian classics (in particular Pushkin and Dostoevsky) to that of the literary and cultural movements of the time, from poetry to narrative, from literary criticism to journalism. Only in the last few decades of the past century, within the Russian academic community, Chulkov's work has become the object of numerous reissues and publications of previously unpublished works.
Within the studies about the Silver Age of Russian culture, however, Chulkov's life and work have never been thoroughly investigated and reconstructed as a whole and, therefore, there is no monographic work devoted to the scientific study of his biography. Our intent is to overcome this gap by starting to create a first scientific biography of this writer.
This work is divided into three parts. The first part is a review of the studies on the formulation and theorization of the genre of scientific biography, in which particular attention is paid to the reception of this genre within the Russian academic community. Here are also presented the main theoretical aspects concerning a scientific work of biographical writing. These principles are then applied to the particular context of the reconstruction of biographical events in Chulkov's life. The corpus of texts that formed the primary documentary base used for writing his biography is widely described. Among these texts needs to be highlighted the correspondence between Chulkov and his wife, as it is a biographical source of great significance, that allows a complete and reliable reconstruction of facts and circumstances only superficially known.
The second part presents the reconstruction of Chulkov's biography. The time span that has been examined is from 1879, the writer's birth year, to the October Revolution, which, however, does not correspond to the year of the writer's death, happened in 1939. This choice has been dictated by the fact that the 1920's represent, in the writer's life, a sort of watershed. As a result of these events, in fact, he radically changed his way of being and perceiving the surrounding world, leaving behind his revolutionary past. The events' historical extent drove him back to the principles of orthodox Christianity, in full harmony with his spiritual evolution (caused, in part, by the loss of his son Vladimir in 1920). The biography consists of eight chapters: the first four cover respectively the period of childhood, school education, university studies up to the Siberian confinement; the fifth chapter introduces a transitional period during which the writer was forced to live under close surveillance in Nizhny Novgorod. The sixth and seventh chapters illustrate the so-called "St Petersburg period", which focuses on the mystical anarchism's theory, formulated and promoted by the writer between 1905 and 1906 and which sparked a burning controversy on the country's literary scene, and on its following re-elaboration through the conception of "realistic symbolism". The last chapter is devoted to the "years of travelling", that compelled the writer to spend much of those years abroad. It also includes Chulkov's experience as a soldier at the front during World War I, where he spent about a year as a medical assistant.
The dissertation was carried out on the basis of several writer's unpublished materials, conserved in the main literary archives in Moscow. These materials constitute the third part of this work and they are: the correspondence between Chulkov and his wife (over 1400 sheets), transcribed and supplied with a short textual preamble that provides most of the autographs' fundamental details, and a few among the most complete autobiographies and biographies found among the writer's personal documents
Mutagenic effects at hprt locus and in minisatellite sequences induced in V79 cells by treatments with UV and methyil-nitro-nitroso-guanidine.
No full textDNA alterations induced in V79 cells treated with UV light or methyl-nitro-nitrosoguanidine were analyzed by the mutagenicity test at the hprt locus and by DNA fingerprint analysis. Treated and control cells were seeded in the presence or absence of 6-thioguanine to determine mutant frequency and cell survival. From clonal cultures of the same cell populations we isolated a number of clones and grew them up individually to obtain appropriate amounts of DNA. High molecular weight DNA was digested with HinfI or HaeIII and hybridized with 32P-labelled 33.15 multilocus probe. The induction of 6-thioguanine resistant cells depended on the mutagen dose. The highest value of mutant frequency obtained was 7475 x 10(-6) (MNNG, 27 microM), corresponding to 0.7 percent of clonable cells. DNA fingerprint analysis carried on the same treated cells showed that DNA rearrangements occurred at minisatellites much more frequently than in transcribed sequences. UV irradiation produced the highest frequency of variation, modifying minisatellite patterns in about 50 percent of the analyzed clones
Crystal structure of a human mitochondrial deoxyribonucleotidase
No full text5' nucleotidases are ubiquitous enzymes that dephosphorylate nucleoside monophosphates and participate in the regulation of nucleotide pools. The mitochondrial 5'-(3') deoxyribonucleotidase (dNT-2) specifically dephosphorylates dUMP and dTMP, thereby protecting mitochondrial DNA replication from excess dTTP. We have solved the structure of dNT-2, the first of a mammalian 5' nucleotidase. The structure reveals a relationship to the HAD family, members of which use an aspartyl nucleophile as their common catalytic strategy, with a phosphoserine phosphatase as the most similar neighbor. A structure-based sequence alignment of dNT-2 with other 5' nucleotidases also suggests a common origin for these enzymes. Here we study the structures of dNT-2 in complex with bound phosphate and beryllium trifluoride plus thymidine as model for a phosphoenzyme-product complex. Based on these structures, determinants for substrate specificity recognition and the catalytic action of dNT-2 are outlined
The deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase activity of SAMHD1 protein contributes to the mitochondrial DNA depletion associated with genetic deficiency of deoxyguanosine kinase
No full textThe druggability of intracellular nucleotide-degrading enzymes
No full textNucleotide metabolism is the target of a large number of anticancer drugs including antimetabolites and specific enzyme inhibitors. We review scientific findings that over the last 10-15 years have allowed the identification of several intracellular nucleotide-degrading enzymes as cancer drug targets, and discuss further potential therapeutic applications for Rcl, SAMHD1, MTH1 and cN-II. We believe that enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism represent potent alternatives to conventional cancer chemotherapy targets
5'-Nucleotidases: specific assays for five different enzymes in cell extracts
No full textSeveral mammalian 5'-nucleotidases (5-NTs), attached to membranes or present in the cytosol or in mitochondria, remove the phosphate from ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides with different specificities for the sugar and base moieties. Some enzymes probably participate in signaling functions by producing adenosine from AMP. A more general function may be to prevent overproduction of deoxyribonucleotides. 5-NTs may affect the pharmacological activity of nucleoside analogs and also be involved in their mitochondrial toxicity. Here we describe for five cloned 5-NT specific assays that largely rely on new inhibitors for some of the enzymes. The assays can be used to quantitate each enzyme in crude cell extracts. To ascertain their validity we applied each assay to extracts from genetically modified cells that overproduce separately each of the five enzymes. The methodology should be useful in further studies of the physiological function of 5-NTs and their influence on the clinical use of nucleoside analogs
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Synthesis of mitochondrial DNA precursors during myogenesis, effects of mitochondrial deoxynucleoside-kinase downregulation in isolated C2C12 myotubes
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