1,720,977 research outputs found
Pattern of individual participation and cheating in conflicts between groups of free-ranging dogs
No full textCooperative intergroup aggression provides an example of a costly cooperative behaviour whose benefits
spill over to noncooperative animals as well. Consequently, investigating factors that promote individual
participation in intergroup contests should prove useful for understanding how cooperation may persist
in animal societies despite cheating. Here, we examined variables affecting individual participation in
naturally occurring conflicts between groups of free-ranging dogs, Canis lupus familiaris. The overall
proportion of cooperating group members decreased significantly with an increasing number of group
members present. In one pack, the individual probability of active participation decreased significantly
when this pack had a numerical advantage over opponents. Dogs belonging to the smallest pack tended
to be more cooperative than those belonging to larger groups. Social prestige (measured as the number
of submissions received during greeting) did not appear to be a consequence of cooperative behaviour.
Individual participation increased with an increasing number of affiliative partners. Young and highranking
dogs tended to cooperate more when their group was outnumbered by opponents but did
not stay at the front of the pack during conflicts. These results emphasize the greater opportunity for
cheating in larger groups and the complexity of dogs’ behaviour. Cooperation appears to be conditional
on both the ‘adversity of the environment’ (as measured by relative group size) and the identity/
behaviour of companions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Effect of affiliative and agonistic relationships on leadership behaviour in free-ranging dogs
No full textConsensus decisions about the nature and timing of group activities allow animals to maintain group
cohesiveness, but also entail costs because individuals often differ with respect to their optimal activity
budgets. Two mechanisms whereby animals reach a consensus include ‘consistent leadership’, in which
a single dominant individual makes the decision, and ‘variable leadership’ in which several group
members contribute to the decision outcome. Sharing of consensus decisions is expected to reduce
consensus costs to most group members. Both patterns are thought to emerge from the complexity of
social relationships of group members. We investigated the distribution of leadership during group
departures in two packs of free-ranging dogs, Canis lupus familiaris, and tested how its distribution
between individuals was affected by dominance rank-related affiliative and agonistic relationships.
Although leadership was not entirely concentrated on a single group member, both packs had a limited
number of habitual leaders. In the largest pack, the pattern of leadership changed from ‘variable’ to
nearly ‘consistent’ after its size had shrunk. Habitual leaders were usually old and high-ranking individuals.
However, high-ranking dogs that received affiliative submissions in greeting ceremonies were
more likely to lead than dominant dogs receiving submissions only in agonistic contexts. During resting
times, habitual followers associated more closely with habitual leaders than with other followers. These
results suggest that in social species collective movements may arise from the effort of subordinates to
maintain close proximity with specific valuable social partners
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
