4,508 research outputs found
50 Years After Wittgenstein’s Vienna. On Wittgenstein, Toulmin and Philosophy. Tomasz Zarębski in Conversation With Allan Janik
No full textIn this interview, Tomasz Zarębski speaks with Allan Janik, co-author of Wittgenstein’s Vienna (1973, with Stephen Toulmin), on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the publication of this pathbreaking book. The conversation concerns the circumstances, motivations and reasons for his undertaking the work on the book, as well as its reception and place in Wittgenstein scholarship. A large part of the discussion refers to his perspective of Wittgenstein, Toulmin’s philosophical writings, and Janik’s own vision of philosophy. The interview took place in Innsbruck on 23rd and 25th August 2023
Geographic and species variation in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops spp.) signature whistle types
No full textGeographic variation in the whistle vocalisations of dolphins has previously been reported. However, most
studies have focused on the whole whistle repertoire, with little attempt to classify sounds into biologically
relevant categories. Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) use individually distinctive signature
whistles which are thought to help maintain contact between conspecifics at sea. These whistles may show a
different kind of variation between populations than non-signature whistles. Here I investigate signature
whistle use and variation in the two recognised species of bottlenose dolphins (T. truncatus and T. aduncus)
from populations inhabiting the coastal waters of the North America, Scotland, South Africa, Tanzania,
Japan, Australia and New Zealand, and one captive colony. I identified likely signature whistles (signature
whistles types, SWTs) from acoustic recordings by combining two novel techniques: automated contour
categorisation in ARTwarp (Deecke and Janik, 2006) and a specific bout analysis based on the timing of
signature whistle production in T. truncatus termed SIGID (Janik et al. in press). Three ways of categorising
the contours were tested and between 87 and 111 SWTs were identified in total. Repeated emissions of
stereotyped contours were apparent in the repertoire of all T. aduncus populations using both automated and
human observer categorisation, providing good evidence for signature whistle use in this species. There was
significant inter-specific variation in the frequency parameters, looping patterns and duration of SWTs.
Inflection points, duration and measures of SWT complexity showed high variation within populations,
suggesting inter- and intra-individual modification of these parameters, perhaps to enhance identity encoding
or convey motivational information. Using 328 bases of the mtDNA control region, I found high levels of
population differentiation (FST and φST) within the genus Tursiops. These data do not support a link between
mtDNA population differentiation and variability in call type. Instead, morphological variations at the
species level, and learned differences at the population level, better explain the variation found
THE ROLE OF SMALL ENTERPRISES IN POLAND’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
No full textThe economic transformations taking place in Poland in recent years have been accompanied by changes in companies’ structure. The role of small companies, employing up to 50 persons, has been constantly growing. These companies, particularly in the first half of the 1990s, helped to reduce unemployment. Many employees who had previously been working in state-owned companies set up their own businesses, thus creating new jobs. The dynamic development of these companies at that time was extensive and was to a large extent stimulated by the privatization processes state-owned companies were undergoing and the greater economic freedom. Since the mid-1990s the rate of development of this group of enterprises has been much slower due to the bureaucratization of setting up new companies and lower availability of bank loans. The growing competition from foreign companies also played a role, and all these factors had a negative influence on the competitiveness of small enterprises. Besides the findings for Poland as a whole, some research results about the state of small companies in Lublin region are also included.small enterprises, barriers, financing sources, EU stimuli
Facts physics on the Background of philosophy
No full textThis article is drafted on the basis of three complementary essays by Professor Jerzy Janik. The author takes a look at selected issues in the field of quantum mechanics – especially the problem of quantum superposition and supersymmetry – from perspective of great philosophical systems. The author draws attention to the fact that some of these issues reflect old philosophical problems (e.g., empiricism vs rationalism), and – in some cases – philosophical perspective may save interpretations of quantum mechanics from paradoxes
Fakty fizyki na tle przymiarek filozofii
No full textThis article is drafted on the basis of three complementary essays by Professor Jerzy Janik. The author takes a look at selected issues in the field of quantum mechanics – especially the problem of quantum superposition and supersymmetry – from perspective of great philosophical systems. The author draws attention to the fact that some of these issues reflect old philosophical problems (e.g., empiricism vs rationalism), and – in some cases – philosophical perspective may save interpretations of quantum mechanics from paradoxes
To recruit skilled workers or to train one's own? : vocational training in the face of uncertainty as to the rate of retention of trainees on completion of training
No full text"The article deals with the impact of uncertainty as regards the retention of trainees completing vocational training programmes on firms' training behaviour. As an alternative to vocational training, the external recruitment of skilled workers is considered via an opportunity costs approach. The uncertainty is traced back to staff turnover, considerable product market competition and changing skill requirements. Indicators of these causes of uncertainty are examined as to their impact on vocational training and the recruitment of skilled workers with a fractional logit model, using a seemingly unrelated cluster-adjusted sandwich estimator with data from the IAB Establishment Panel. There is no confirmation that the presumed correlations exist in manufacturing. A negative correlation is identified in the service sector between high staff turnover coupled with rapid change in the skills required on the one hand, and commitment to vocational training on the other, while there is a positive link with the external recruitment of skilled workers. This is interpreted as an indication that uncertainty with regard to retention after training can go some way towards explaining the growing gap between employment and vocational training in the tertiary sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) Additional Information Kurzfassung (deutsch) Executive summary (English)Betrieb, Personalpolitik, betriebliche Berufsausbildung, Ausbildungsverhalten, Auszubildende, Ausbildungsabsolventen, beruflicher Verbleib, zwischenbetriebliche Mobilität, Arbeitsplatzwechsel, Qualifikationsanforderungen, Personaleinstellung, Fachkräfte, verarbeitendes Gewerbe, Dienstleistungsbereich, Bildungsökonomie, IAB-Betriebspanel
Mickiewicz’s Depth of the ‘Place’. A Vertical Character of Soplicowo
No full textThe shape of a circle, with its midpoint or centre, is one of the spatial images lying at the basis of many of the lyrical poems written by Adam Mickiewicz, including The Vision, Defend Me from Myself..., The Akkerman Steppes, Spin Love…, To Flee with My Love onto a Leaf [Leaves]... The motif of a circular shape with a clearly defined centre also appears in Master Thaddeus, and in Forefathers’ Eve. Mickiewicz the poet structures his works around the imagery of a circle and its centre to convey metaphorically what is of value to Mickiewicz the man. His ‘centric’ thinking puts the poet in the centre of an ontological, metaphysical vision of the cosmos, right in the centre, at the very core of the Universe, in its most profound, undiscovered depths. In this essay, we attempt to explicate Mickiewicz’s depiction of a man placed ‘in the centre of the firmament’ in the Crimean sonnets, the ‘Great Improvisation’ soliloquy in Forefathers’ Eve, in chosen lyrical poems, and in the Great Poem [Master Thaddeus] itself. From this perspective, the concepts of ‘space’ and ‘place’ attain exceptional depth.MAŁGORZATA BURZKA-JANIK – dr, adiunkt w Instytucie Nauk o Literaturze Uniwersytetu Opolskiego. Zainteresowania badawcze: literatura XIX wieku, w tym głównie epoki romantyzmu (w tym: czarny romantyzm, powieść poetycka, epistolografia epoki, problem domu i bezdomności w twórczości A. Mickiewicza, J. Słowackiego, C. K. Norwida; twórczość poetycka i dramatyczna T. A. Olizarowskiego oraz S. Witwickiego), a także wybrane zagadnienia pozytywizmu oraz literatury Młodej Polski; wybrane aspekty literatury XX wieku, glottodydaktyka, przestrzeń i miejsce w badaniach kulturowych, literatura światowa. Wydała: Tomasz August Olizarowski, Poematy. Z autografów i pierwodruków opracowała, wstępem poprzedziła Małgorzata Burzka-Janik, red. tomu Małgorzata Burzka-Janik, Jarosław Ławski, Białystok 2014, ss. 932; Małgorzata Burzka-Janik, „Tyle naraz świata…” Szkice o poezji Wisławy Szymborskiej, Opole 2012, ss. 120; tejże, W poszukiwaniu centrum. Dom i bezdomność w życiu i twórczości Adama Mickiewicza, Opole 2009, ss. 262.Uniwersytet OpolskiArchetypy i symbole, wybór i wstęp M. Głowiński, Warszawa 1991.Bachelard G., Wyobraźnia poetycka. Wybór pism, wyboru dokonał H. Chudak, przeł. H. Chudak, A. Tatarkiewicz, przedmowa J. Błoński, Warszawa 1975.Buczyńska-Garewicz H., Miejsca, strony, okolice. Przyczynek do fenomenologii przestrzeni, Kraków 2006.Burzka-Janik M., Biesiada w Soplicowie jako część boskiego ładu istnienia?, „Bibliotekarz Podlaski. Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne” 2019, nr 1.Burzka-Janik M., W poszukiwaniu centrum. Dom i poetycka bezdomność w życiu i twórczości Adama Mickiewicza, Opole 2009.Dopart B., „Pan Tadeusz” Adama Mickiewicza – o wielopłaszczyznowości poematu uniwersalnego, [w:] tegoż, Romantyzm polski: pluralizm prądów i synkretyzm dzieła, Kraków 1999.Eliade E., Sacrum, mit, historia. Wybór esejów, przeł. A. Tatarkiewicz, Warszawa 1974.Eliade E., Traktat o historii religii, przeł. J. Wierusz-Kowalski, wstęp. L. Kołakowski, Łódź 1993.Jokiel I., Lornety i kapota. Studia o Mickiewiczu, Opole 2006.Kowalski P., Leksykon znaki świata. Omen, przesąd, znaczenie, Warszawa–Wrocław 1998.Krukowska H., „Pan Tadeusz” jako poezja czysta. Studia i szkice o Mickiewiczu, Białystok 2016.Lurker M., Przesłanie symboliki koła w mitach, kulturach i religiach, przeł. R. Wojnakowski, Kraków 1994.Ławski J., Marie romantyków. Metafizyczne wizje kobiecości. Mickiewicz – Malczewski – Krasiński, Białystok 2003.Mickiewicz A., Pan Tadeusz czyli ostatni zajazd na Litwie. Historia szlachecka z r. 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach, [w:] tenże, Dzieła, t. IV. Wydanie rocznicowe 1798–1998, Warszawa 1998.„Pan Tadeusz” i jego dziedzictwo. Recepcja, red. B. Dopart, Kraków, 2006.„Pan Tadeusz”. Poemat – Postacie – Recepcja, red. naukowa A. Fabianowski, E. Hoffmann-Piotrowska, Warszawa 2016.Piwińska M., Problemy polskiego romantyzmu, red. M. Żmigrodzka, Z. Lewinówna, Wrocław 1971.Poulet G., Metamorfozy czasu. Szkice krytyczne, wybór J. Błoński, M. Głowiński, Warszawa 1977.Tuan Yi-Fu, Przestrzeń i miejsce, przeł. A. Morawińska, Warszawa 1987.Waśko A., Powrót do centrum polszczyzny. O przestrzeni symbolicznej w „Panu Tadeuszu”, „Pamiętnik Literacki” 1987, z. 1.Wyka K., „Pan Tadeusz”. Studia o poemacie, Warszawa 1963.4420722
Repeated elicitation of the acoustic startle reflex leads to sensitisation in subsequent avoidance behaviour and induces fear conditioning
No full textBackground: Autonomous reflexes enable animals to respond quickly to potential threats, prevent injury and mediate fight or flight responses. Intense acoustic stimuli with sudden onsets elicit a startle reflex while stimuli of similar intensity but with longer rise times only cause a cardiac defence response. In laboratory settings, habituation appears to affect all of these reflexes so that the response amplitude generally decreases with repeated exposure to the stimulus. The startle reflex has become a model system for the study of the neural basis of simple learning processes and emotional processing and is often used as a diagnostic tool in medical applications. However, previous studies did not allow animals to avoid the stimulus and the evolutionary function and long-term behavioural consequences of repeated startling remain speculative. In this study we investigate the follow-up behaviour associated with the startle reflex in wild-captured animals using an experimental setup that allows individuals to exhibit avoidance behaviour. Results: We present evidence that repeated elicitation of the acoustic startle reflex leads to rapid and pronounced sensitisation of sustained spatial avoidance behaviour in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Animals developed rapid flight responses, left the exposure pool and showed clear signs of fear conditioning. Once sensitised, seals even avoided a known food source that was close to the sound source. In contrast, animals exposed to non-startling (long rise time) stimuli of the same maximum sound pressure habituated and flight responses waned or were absent from the beginning. The startle threshold of grey seals expressed in units of sensation levels was comparable to thresholds reported for other mammals (93 dB). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the acoustic startle reflex plays a crucial role in mediating flight responses and strongly influences the motivational state of an animal beyond a short-term muscular response by mediating long-term avoidance. The reflex is therefore not only a measure of emotional state but also influences emotional processing. The biological function of the startle reflex is most likely associated with mediating rapid flight responses. The data indicate that repeated startling by anthropogenic noise sources might have severe effects on long-term behaviour. Future, studies are needed to investigate whether such effects can be associated with reduced individual fitness or even longevity of individuals.Peer reviewe
Numerical relativity approach to the initial value problem in asymptotically anti–de Sitter spacetime for plasma thermalization: An ADM formulation
No full textThis article studies a numerical relativity approach to the initial value problem in Anti-de Sitter spacetime relevant for dual nonequilibrium evolution of strongly coupled non-Abelian plasma undergoing Bjorken expansion. In order to use initial conditions for the metric obtained in [G. Beuf, M. P. Heller, R. A. Janik, and R. Peschanski, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2009) 043.] we introduce new, ADM formalism-based scheme for numerical integration of Einstein’s equations with negative cosmological constant. The key novel element of this approach is the choice of lapse function vanishing at fixed radial position, enabling, if needed, efficient horizon excision. Various physical aspects of the gauge theory thermalization process in this setup have been outlined in our companion article [M. P. Heller, R. A. Janik, and P. Witaszczyk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 201602 (2012).]. In this work we focus on the gravitational side of the problem and present full technical details of our setup. We discuss, in particular, the ADM formalism, the explicit form of initial states, the boundary conditions for the metric on the inner and outer edges of the simulation domain, the relation between boundary and bulk notions of time, the procedure to extract the gauge theory energy-momentum tensor and nonequilibrium apparent horizon entropy, as well as the choice of point for freezing the lapse. Finally, we comment on various features of the initial profiles we consider
The rapid assessment of concentrations and solid phase associations of macro- and micronutrients in alkaline soils by mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
No full text© CSIRO 2002Chemical analysis is a crucial but often expensive and time consuming step in the characterisation of soils. Mid-infrared diffuse reflectance (MIR-DRIFT) spectroscopy coupled with partial least square (PLS) analysis was used to determine macro- and micronutrient concentrations of a range of alkaline soils from southern Australia. Solid phase associations of macro- and micronutrients were also investigated using the mineralogical information contained in the infrared spectra of soil samples. Results showed that MIR-PLS analysis is a powerful and rapid technique for the accurate prediction of more than 15 chemical properties from each soil sample spectrum. Correlation coefficients for MIR derived concentration versus laboratory determined values were greater than R2 = 0.80 for soil moisture, calcium carbonate concentration, total concentration of Mg, K, S, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, and oxalate- extractable Al, Fe, Mn, and Si. In calcareous soils, sulfur was associated with carbonate and conversely Mg was more related to the clay concentration of soils. Micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were positively associated with smectite/illite in the clay fraction and negatively with kaolinite. The potential use of these results in partitioning model to assess plant available micronutrients pools is discussed.I. Bertrand, L. J. Janik, R. E. Holloway, R. D. Armstrong and M. J. McLaughli
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