45 research outputs found
Psychological analysis of Younis Al-Khattat, the novel Honaa Al-Warda According to Freud's theory
No full textSigmund Freud provided the basis for analyzing literary works using psychoanalytic methods. The novel Honaa Al-warda, by the Jordanian writer Amjad Nasser, is one of the political novels in which the author paid special attention to psychological issues and the hidden struggle of the inner forces of the novel’s hero, Younis Al-Khattat, in dealing with its subject. Therefore, the current research attempts to study the internal conflict of Yunus Al-Khattat, the hero of this novel, based on Freud’s theory, and to analyze the outcome of the battle between the id, the ego, and the superego over his individual and social life. The results of the research indicate that heredity, family environment, relationships with peers, the tense political and social atmosphere, and the propaganda of intellectual and political organizations play a major role in shaping Yunus’s acute internal conflict. His comprehensive internal anxiety is caused by the establishment’s pressures on himself and his logical ability and its insistence on quickly meeting its irrational, material and emotional demands, as well as the destructive and false ideals of the superego that lead him to many adventures and ambitions, and work that leads to the assassination of the president and exposes his life, his fate, and the fate of his family to danger.Keywords: psychoanalysis, Freud's theory, Amjad Nasser, Honaa Al-Warda's novel, Younis Al-Khattat. Extended Summary IntroductionPsychoanalysis is a literary criticism method that studies psychological novels and, through exploring the characters in the novel, explains how their personality is constructed. Systematic and scientific criticism of psychology began concurrently with the beginning of psychology and the publication of Sigmund Freud's works at the end of the nineteenth century. Since Freud was the first to subject literature to psychological interpretation, he had a great interest in reading literary works, as literature had a profound impact on his personal and scientific life, and he used it to expand the horizons of his work in psychoanalysis as well as to expand the scope of his psychological discourse. His views on the personal characteristics of writers and artists are not merely psychoanalytic, but rather a combination of psychological theories and his literary taste. Amjad Nasser is a well-known Jordanian creative writer who has paid special attention to psychological issues in writing his novels. Honaa Al-Warda is Nasser's second novel nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2018. It narrates the life events of a leftist activist named "Younis Al-Khattat" and expresses all the traits of his personality in the form of behaviors, actions, and political adventures. Honaa Al-Warda is a political novel that shows the developments in the Arab world in the seventies. Therefore, the psychological analysis of the main character in this novel can express the influence of individuals in society in Arab countries from political, social, cultural, and intellectual circumstances and represents many historical unknowns. Therefore, the current study, based on Freud's theory on the three levels of personality, attempts to study the role of the internal conflict of Younis, the hero of the novel, in shaping his personality type. First, Freud's theory and the tripartite structure of personality are analyzed from his point of view, then Younis's internal developments are analyzed according to Freud's theories and the impact of his internal conflict on his personal and social life is expressed. This research aims to answer these questions:1- What are Nasser's goals in creating the character of Younis?2- How does the battle between the id and the ego occur in the character of Younis and what is the result of the subconscious's dominance over his consciousness?3- How does the Oedipus complex affect the creation of the superego of Younis and what is the result of the conflict of the ego with the superego?4- How does the conflict of the three forces in the character of Younis affect his personal and social life?MethodologyFreud is considered the first psychologist to assign a specific structure to the human personality in which the internal actions of the human being are formed under the influence of instincts and conflicting forces. From the beginning of his life until its end, the human being constantly fights and quarrels with various forces and people, but this battle is not limited to the outside world. "Freud searches for this conflict in the depths of human existence, which causes the formation of the human personality and intellectual development"; the human world is an arena of confrontation between different forces that interact automatically with each other, which leads to the health of the human soul and spirit, and the absence of this interaction causes anxiety and insecurity in the human personality. Freud sees that the structure of the human personality includes three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. "These three parts of the personality interact at three levels of psychological life with each other, and the ego passes through different spatial levels and has conscious, semi-conscious, and unconscious elements. While the superego is semi-conscious and unconscious, the id is completely unconscious"; these levels are completely intertwined and cannot be separated, and the ego exists at all these levels under different conditions.DiscussionBy describing the whispers of Younis Al-Khattat and his tense inner life from childhood to youth, Amjad Nasser depicts the role of the authoritarian atmosphere, suffocation, lack of freedom and social justice, and the violation of the principle of democracy that govern some Arab countries in shaping the internal conflict of individuals in Arab societies and the desire for violent actions. He also criticizes the exploitation of authoritarian individuals like Younis by political organizations that push them, by stimulating their internal forces, to violence and terrorism in order to achieve their goals. In reality, the dreams of such a generation of young people turn into a pile of ashes. The id's insistence on satisfying his material, immoral and irrational needs leads to the formation of his aggressive, hasty and reckless personality that exhausts his rationality and ego with repeated demands. The id of Yunus, by its rebellion against the ego, passes from the unconscious and semi-conscious area and enters the conscious level, and the ego weakens and is unable to provide Yunus with the appropriate ideas and solutions to overcome problems, and great anxiety and confusion dominate his existence.ConclusionThe superego of Younis, due to the failure to resolve the Oedipus complex in his childhood and his failure to undergo the process of understanding his parents’ behavior and not following their orders and what should and should not be done, takes on an abnormal, unnatural, and neurotic state. Younis thinks that his father is his competitor in winning his mother’s love, and he constantly tries to rescue himself from his father’s control. The desire for superiority and authority becomes entrenched in him, and the false ideal ego is formed in him, far from external reality, leading to walking in a world of fantasy and dreams, and causing the superego and its unreasonable ideals to turn against the ego and blame it for following the principle of reality. It is stubborn like the id and insists on achieving its demands in an irrational way, which makes Younis justify terrorism and violence and consider it a value and a custom, regardless of his responsibilities towards his wife and family. The Sources and References:A: Books Abbas, Faisal, Psychoanalysis and Freudian Tendencies, Clinical Comparison, I1, Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 1996. ]In Arabic[A group of authors, References Personality, Id, Ego and Superego, translated by: Wajih Asaad, Damascus: Publications of the Ministry of Culture of the Syrian Arab Republic, 2002. ]In Arabic[Engler, Barbara, Introduction to Personality Theories, translated by: Fahd bin Abdullah bin Dulaim, Mecca, Taif Literary Club Publications,1411. ]In Arabic[Feist, Jess, Feist, Gregory J, Personality Theories, translated by Yahya Seyed Mohammadi, I5, Tehran: Nash Ravan, 1389. ]In Persian[Freud, Sigmund, The Ego and the Id, translated by Muhammad Othman Najati, I4, Beirut: Dar Al-Shorouk, 1982. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, Instinct and culture, studies in psychology, translated by Hussein Al-Mawazni, I1, Baghdad-Beirut: Al-Jamal Publications, 2017. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, Al-Kaf, Affection, and Anxiety, translated by Muhammad Othman Najati, I4, Beirut-Cairo: Dar Al-Shorouk, 1989. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, translated by Izzat Rajeh, Misr Printing House. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, translated by Ishaq Ramzi, I5, Dar Al-Maaref. ]In Arabic[Freud, Sigmund, Summary of Psychoanalysis, translated by George Tarabishi, I2, Beirut: Dar Al-Tali’ah, 1986. ]In Arabic[11.Freud, Sigmund, Ego and Id, translated by Amin Pasha Samadian, Tehran: Pandar Taban, 2014. ]In Persian[Freud, Sigmund, Heads of psychoanalytic theory, translated by Hossein Payandeh, Arghonun magazine, number 22, 2001. ]In Persian[Nasser, Amjad, Hona Al-warda, Beirut: Dar Al-Adab, 2017. ]In Arabic[Shultz, Dovan, Theories of Personality, translated by Yusuf Karimi and colleagues, I10, Tehran: Arsbaran, 2012. ]In Persian[B: University ThesesDimesh, Hanan and Laila Boudiar, “Application of the Psychological Method according to Ahmed Haydouche,” a thesis for obtaining a master’s degree in Arabic language and literature, supervised by: Nabila Aabash, Muhammad Al-Sadiq Ben Yahia University, Jijel, 2014 AD. ]In Arabic[ C: MagazinesAl-Khaironi, Halima and Abdul-Ghani bin Muhammad, “The Psychological Method in Literary Analysis: The Novel as a Model,” Scientific Journal of Language and Culture, Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’azzam Shah International Islamic University, Malaysia, 2022 AD, Volume 7, Issue 2, pp. 21-/34. ]In Arabic[Hosseini, Seyyed Sajid and Bakhtiar Sajjadi, Representation of the semi-conscious in the narrative from a psychoanalytic perspective: Examining the flow of the mind in the short story "Tomorrow" by Sadegh Hedayat", Contemporary Persian Literature, Year 8, Number 2, 2017, pp. 35-62. ]In Persian[Maarouf, Yahya and Muslim Khezeli, "Criticism of the psychology of personality in Motanbi's poems", Arabic Literature, Issue 2, 1392, pp. 193-216. ]In Persian[Maarouf, Yahya and Muslim Khazli, "Psychological analysis of the novel Zaqaq al-Mudaq by Najib Mahfouz", Critic of Contemporary Arabic Literature, Volume 6, Number 11, 1395, pp. 211-235. ]In Persian[.20.Yohnai, Massoud Reza, review of conscious and unconscious from Sartre and Freud's point of view, Afaq Humanities Monthly, year 4, number 38, 2019, pp. 81-/96. ]In Persian
A critical Hadith study of the Tablighi Nisab and its intellectual impact on the Jama at Al-Tabligh.
No full textIt is common knowledge that movements are based on ideologies that are considered to be the foundation of their methodologies and policies. Often, these ideologies are disseminated in letters, books or other publications that present them in the form of texts that are available to the public and become sources of information about these movements. The Jamā‘at Al-Tablīgh is one of the movements that plays an important role in the sphere of Islamic Da‘wah (mission). This movement adopts some techniques of Da‘wah; one of the most important among them being Targhīb, which expounds the merits and benefits of virtuous deeds. This research studies one of the most popular books of the movement, titled in Urdu Tablīghī Nisāb, which uses this sort of technique. It was written by the famous H adīth scholar and the general supervisor of the movement, Shaykh Muhammad Zakariyyā Kāndahlawī. The first publication of the book in Urdu was in (1374 H./1955 CE.). It has been translated into several different languages, and this reflects the importance of the book. The thesis falls into six chapters, including the introduction as chapter one and the conclusion as chapter six. Chapter two talks about the definition of weak Ahadīth and its different types, criteria used to determine weak Ahādīth, different trends among the scholars regarding weak Ahādīth, the consequences of using and publicizing weak and fabricated Ahādīth. Chapter three deals with the biography of the author of the Tablīghī Nisāb, while chapter four focuses on the book itself, by specifying the original name of it and looking at the different editions and translations, and compares the original Urdu with the Arabic and English versions. The chapter also discusses the methodology of the author in his book. Chapter five is a critical study of the Ahādīth of the Tablīghī Nisāb, whether found in the main text of the book or in the commentary to verify the Ahādīth in terms of their authenticity or weakness
INDUCING SALT TOLERANCE IN FRENCH MARIGOLD (TAGETES PATULA) THROUGH SEED PRIMING
No full textThe present study investigates the potential of seed priming for induction of salt tolerance in French marigold at early growth stage. Treatments were combination of priming techniques viz. hydropriming, halopriming (50 mM CaCl2), hormonal priming with salicylic acid (100 ppm) and ascorbate priming (100 ppm) each for 24 h. Primed seeds were exposed to salinity levels (0; 50 and 100 mM NaCl) during germination and emergence assays. All priming treatments hastened germination and emergence attributes under saline or non-saline conditions as compared to those of non-primed (control) seeds. Seeds of French marigold primed with ascorbate followed by CaCl2, salicylic acid and hydropriming enhanced final germination, speed of germination, root and shoot length and dry mass of French marigold seedlings. This was interpreted by minimized mean emergence time and time to 50% emergence. Additionally, it was also observed that all priming agents particularly calcium salt and ascorbate maintained ionic homeostasis in salt stressed seedlings. It is concluded that CaCl2, ascorbate and salicylic acid were the most effective priming agents to ameliorate the adverse effects of salinity in French marigold due to lower uptake of Na+ and higher uptake of K+ in the seedlings
Pollen morphology and viability relates to seed productionin hybrid roses
No full textTo avoid the risk of very low seed production, the estimation of the pollen fertility is the reliable tool. In the present study nine hybrid rose genotypes were evaluated for their pollen viability and fertility status in vitro. The strength of contribution of each cultivar as a male parent was evaluated in the field. Successful crossing %age was correlated with the pollen germination %age and pollen tube length of each male parent cultivars in controlled conditions. Pollen vigor parameters indicated great variations in pollen quality, quantity, and viability and germination % ages. On average basis the performance of the cultivar Angel Face and Handel was better with respect to both number of anther per flower and number of pollens per anther. Pollen size (L: D) was almost same in all cultivars hence no significant differences were observed. Comparison of means of viability %age revealed that maximum number of viable pollens in term of viability %age were possessed by cultivar Handel (70%) followed by ‘Gruss an Teplitz’ (64%). The minimum viability of pollens was exhibited by the Cultivar ‘Autumn Sunset’ having pollen viability of 35%. A strong correlation among pollen germination %age and pollen tube length (r = 0.77) and pollen germination %age and pollen viability %age (r = 0.731) was exhibited. Pollen germination is also strongly correlated with pollen size (r =0.738) The comparison of various fertility parameters in vitro and in vivo revealed that cultivar “Handel” showing its maximum pollen viability in vitro performed well to get more crossing success in the field .
 
INDUCING SALT TOLERANCE IN FRENCH MARIGOLD (Tagetes patula) THROUGH SEED PRIMING
No full textThe present study investigates the potential of seed priming for induction of salt tolerance in French marigold at early growth stage. Treatments were combination of priming techniques viz. hydropriming, halopriming (50 mM CaCl2), hormonal priming with salicylic acid (100 ppm) and ascorbate priming (100 ppm) each for 24 h. Primed seeds were exposed to salinity levels (0; 50 and 100 mM NaCl) during germination and emergence assays. All priming treatments hastened germination and emergence attributes under saline or non-saline conditions as compared to those of non-primed (control) seeds. Seeds of French marigold primed with ascorbate followed by CaCl2, salicylic acid and hydropriming enhanced final germination, speed of germination, root and shoot length and dry mass of French marigold seedlings. This was interpreted by minimized mean emergence time and time to 50% emergence. Additionally, it was also observed that all priming agents particularly calcium salt and ascorbate maintained ionic homeostasis in salt stressed seedlings. It is concluded that CaCl2, ascorbate and salicylic acid were the most effective priming agents to ameliorate the adverse effects of salinity in French marigold due to lower uptake of Na+ and higher uptakeof K+ in the seedlings
IMPROVED CUT FLOWER AND CORM PRODUCTION BY EXOGENOUS MORINGA LEAF EXTRACT APPLICATION ON GLADIOLUS CULTIVARS
No full textBio-stimulants are in excessive demand for the sustainable production of floriculture crops. The current investigation was designed to find out the effect of naturally occurring growth stimulant moringa leaf extract (MLE) on the growth, flowering, post-harvest life and corm production of two gladiolus cultivars (cvs.) ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘White Prosperity’. The research trial was laid out in the factorial arrangement under randomized complete block design. Corms were grown in the open field under local climatic conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Potential of exogenously applied (MLE; 30 times diluted) was evaluated. Treatments including spraying MLE at 3 leaves, 5 leaves, floral bud stage, one combination of these three stages relative to control with no foliar application. Application of natural bio-stimulant produced maximum height in both cvs. against T4. Both cvs. gave maximum stalk length in response to T4. The number of florets spike–1 found the maximum (13) in T1 compared to control T0 which yield (9) florets. Maximum vase life in sucrose solution (13.33 days) was exhibited by T1 for both cvs. while minimum (10 days) in T0. In cultivar comparison earlier spike emergence was observed in ‘White Prosperity’. In ‘Rose Supreme’ maximum corm weight was attained in response to T3 (43.43 g) while minimum (30.33 g) in T0.‘White Prosperity’ produced maximum weight (40.33 g) against T4 whereas minimum by control. The cultivar mean comparison showed the superiority of cormel diameter in ‘Rose Supreme’ (10.93 mm) than ‘White Prosperity’ (9.13 mm). In treatment comparison, T4 produced maximum diameter (12.04 mm) in ‘Rose Supreme’ moreover, T2 induced maximum (9.57 mm) diameter in ‘White Prosperity’.Bio-stimulants are in excessive demand for the sustainable production of floriculture crops. The current investigation was designed to find out the effect of naturally occurring growth stimulant moringa leaf extract (MLE) on the growth, flowering, post-harvest life and corm production of two gladiolus cultivars (cvs.) ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘White Prosperity’. The research trial was laid out in the factorial arrangement under randomized complete block design. Corms were grown in the open field under local climatic conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Potential of exogenously applied (MLE; 30 times diluted) was evaluated. Treatments including spraying MLE at 3 leaves, 5 leaves, floral bud stage, one combination of these three stages relative to control with no foliar application. Application of natural bio-stimulant produced maximum height in both cvs. against T4. Both cvs. gave maximum stalk length in response to T4. The number of florets spike–1 found the maximum (13) in T1 compared to control T0 which yield (9) florets. Maximum vase life in sucrose solution (13.33 days) was exhibited by T1 for both cvs. while minimum (10 days) in T0. In cultivar comparison earlier spike emergence was observed in ‘White Prosperity’. In ‘Rose Supreme’ maximum corm weight was attained in response to T3 (43.43 g) while minimum (30.33 g) in T0.‘White Prosperity’ produced maximum weight (40.33 g) against T4 whereas minimum by control. The cultivar mean comparison showed the superiority of cormel diameter in ‘Rose Supreme’ (10.93 mm) than ‘White Prosperity’ (9.13 mm). In treatment comparison, T4 produced maximum diameter (12.04 mm) in ‘Rose Supreme’ moreover, T2 induced maximum (9.57 mm) diameter in ‘White Prosperity’
Improved cut flower and corm production by exogenous moringa leaf extract application on gladiolus cultivars
No full textBio-stimulants are in excessive demand for the sustainable production of floriculture crops. The current investigation was designed to find out the effect of naturally occurring growth stimulant moringa leaf extract (MLE) on the growth, flowering, post-harvest life and corm production of two gladiolus cultivars (cvs.) ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘White Prosperity’. The research trial was laid out in the factorial arrangement under randomized complete block design. Corms were grown in the open field under local climatic conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Potential of exogenously applied (MLE; 30 times diluted) was evaluated. Treatments including spraying MLE at 3 leaves, 5 leaves, floral bud stage, one combination of these three stages relative to control with no foliar application. Application of natural bio-stimulant produced maximum height in both cvs. against T4. Both cvs. gave maximum stalk length in response to T4. The number of florets spike–1 found the maximum (13) in T1 compared to control T0 which yield (9) florets. Maximum vase life in sucrose solution (13.33 days) was exhibited by T1 for both cvs. while minimum (10 days) in T0. In cultivar comparison earlier spike emergence was observed in ‘White Prosperity’. In ‘Rose Supreme’ maximum corm weight was attained in response to T3 (43.43 g) while minimum (30.33 g) in T0.‘White Prosperity’ produced maximum weight (40.33 g) against T4 whereas minimum by control. The cultivar mean comparison showed the superiority of cormel diameter in ‘Rose Supreme’ (10.93 mm) than ‘White Prosperity’ (9.13 mm). In treatment comparison, T4 produced maximum diameter (12.04 mm) in ‘Rose Supreme’ moreover, T2 induced maximum (9.57 mm) diameter in ‘White Prosperity’
Screening of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cultivars for drought stress based on vegetative and physiological characteristics
No full text<p>Drought tolerance is an important genotypic character to be exploited for the plant cultivar selection under water deficit conditions. In the recent study, we examined the response of two marigold cultivars (Inca and Bonanza) under different regimes of drought stress. The aim was to determine the best performing cultivar under water/drought stress. Three irrigation treatments include; 4 days (T<sub>1</sub>), 6 days (T<sub>2</sub>) and 8 days (T<sub>3</sub>) in comparison to control 1 day (T<sub>0</sub>) interval were imposed. Response characters under study were morphological, physiological and anatomical. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications in two factorial arrangements was followed for experiment layout. The results revealed that increasing water stress adversely affect plant height, in both cultivars. Both cultivars showed a decreasing trend to the number of flowers under water stress. Total chlorophyll contents including a, b were also showed reduction under prolonged drought treatment in both cultivars from (2.7 mg g<sup>-1</sup> FW) to (1 mg g<sup>-1</sup> FW). Overall, the performance of cultivar (cv.) Inca was satisfactory under water stress regimes. These results are helpful for selecting drought tolerant marigold cultivars in water scarce areas. </p></jats:p
Diagnostic Performance and Appropriate Cut-Offs of Different Anthropometric Indicators for Detecting Children with Overweight and Obesity
No full textIn the clinical settings, different anthropometric indicators like neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), midupper arm circumference (MUAC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and arm-to-height ratio (AHtR) have been suggested for evaluating overweight and obesity in children. The comparative ability of these indicators in Pakistan is yet unknown. This study is aimed at examining the validity of different anthropometric indicators of overweight and obesity simultaneously and at determining their superlative cut-off values that would correctly detect overweight and obesity in children. For this purpose, the dataset of anthropometric measurements height, weight, WC, MUAC, and NC of 5,964 Pakistani children, aged 5-12 years collected in a cross-sectional multiethnic anthropometric survey (MEAS), was used. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the validity of different anthropometric indicators. The most sensitive and specific cut-off points, positive and negative predictive values of each indicator were also calculated. The results of the ROC curve indicated that all the studied indicators had a good performance but the indicators AHtR and WHtR had the highest value of the area under the curve (AUC) for the screening of children with overweight and obesity (AUC > 0.80). In the overall sample, AHtR, WHtR, MUAC, WC, and NC cut-off points indicative of overweight, in both boys and girls, were 0.14, 0.46, 18.41 cm, 62.86 cm, and 26.36 cm and 0.14, 0.47, 18.16 cm, 64.39 cm, and 26.54 cm, respectively; the corresponding values for obesity were 0.14, 0.47, 18.67 cm, 62.10 cm, and 26.36 cm and 0.14, 0.48, 20.19 cm, 64.39 cm, and 25.27 cm. We concluded that the sex-specific cut-off points for AHtR, WHtR, MUAC, WC, and NC can be used to diagnose overweight and obesity in Pakistani children.</p
The study of light nuclei production in different interactions at 4.2 AGeV/c
No full textAverage multiplicity of light nuclei, produced in different interactions at 4.2A GeV/c is studied as a function of centrality. A change in multiplicity is observed with increase in the mass of projectile. In 12CC-interactions an unexpected increase in the multiplicity is seen in the most central events. These measurements are compared with the predictions of Cascade and Fritiof models, which fail to account for the experimentally observed effects. In case of 12CC, it is suggested that the inclusion of nuclear coalescence effect can be an explanatory reason for the deviation of experimental measurements from the models’ predictions.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author
