72 research outputs found
Sustainability in Business (A critique of environmental sustainability practices in Coca-Cola and Unilever)
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to give the reader a clear picture of the importance of sustainability to business, society, and the environment. The author will further discuss how companies can shift their traditional unsustainable production processes to more eco-friendly production processes. Today the world faces numerous issues regarding climate change which are also the result of unsustainable practices by these companies.
In order to see what sustainability means in a real-world sense, the author took two companies, Coca-Cola and Unilever, to study their sustainability approaches. These companies have long histories of financial success but at the same time these companies carry numerous criticisms with their success storie
Development of an Extrinsic dual-cavity Fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer : Applications to periodic and non-periodic vibration measurements
Get PDFLe travail présenté dans cette thèse concerne le développement et la caractérisation d'un interféromètre extrinsèque à double cavités de type Fabry-Perot (EFFPI) en vue de l'analyse de vibrations périodiques et non périodiques. Cette thèse est divisée en 5 chapitres. Dans le chapitre I, nous donnons un panorama des mesures de vibration et de leurs techniques associées de type optique ou non-optique. Nous fournissons une description générale des caractéristiques des interféromètres à fibre optique. Nous justifions le choix du système de type Fabry-Perot par ses propriétés de mesure sans contact, sa flexibilité géométrique, ainsi que sa facilité d'utilisation. Le chapitre II présente le principe de fonctionnement du EFFPI. Le système comprend une cavité virtuelle pseudo-duale obtenue par l'introduction d'une optique de polarisation dans le chemin optique de la cavité de mesure. Cette configuration permet d'obtenir deux signaux d'interférence en quadrature, ce qui élimine l'ambiguïté de direction. Les propriétés générales de l'interféromètre telles que la réflectance et la visibilité de franges ont été caractérisées expérimentalement. En particulier, les états de polarisation des faisceaux d'entrée et de sortie ont été étudiés pour mieux comprendre l'atténuation induite dans les signaux d'interférence afin de pouvoir minimiser ce phénomène. Dans le chapitre III, nous proposons une technique de démodulation de franges de type passage à zéro modifiée pour obtenir l'information de déplacement. La résolution obtenue dans cette technique de démodulation est déterminée par le nombre de sous-niveaux de décomposition des signaux d'interférence. Dans ce travail, une résolution de λ/64 s'est avérée suffisante pour des applications à des vibrations périodiques de relativement grande amplitude. Différentes excitations de type sinusoïdal, carré et triangulaire ont été testées. Les erreurs provoquées par la variation de température de la source laser ainsi que celles apportées par la variation d'orientation de la cible durant la mesure de déplacement ont été étudiées. Dans le chapitre IV, nous décrivons une technique de démodulation à poursuite de phase pouvant opérer sur une cible soumise à un déplacement non-périodique. Le développement d'un programme de simulation et de démodulation a permis l'analyse des erreurs de phase, l'effet du bruit aléatoire et du bruit de quantification, etc. Les erreurs de phase peuvent être corrigées par le démodulateur alors que les erreurs dues au bruit peuvent être réduites par une méthode de correction d'amplitude. Des tests expérimentaux réalisés à partir d'excitations de type carré avec un transducteur piézo-électrique (PZT) muni d'un capteur capacitif ont montré un très bon accord sur les mesures (différence de quelques nanomètres seulement). Nous avons utilisé le EFFPI pour deux applications spécifiques. En sismométrie, nous avons montré son aptitude à la mesure d'amplitude et de vitesse des vibrations. Dans une seconde application, le système a permis de mesurer de façon précise les variations de niveau d'un liquide dans un système d'inclinomètrie optique basée sur le principe des vases communicants. Le dernier chapitre donne les conclusions sur le travail réalisé et propose des perspectives afin d'améliorer les performances du capteur développé. ABSTRACT : The work involved in this thesis principally concerns the development and characterization of a dual-cavity Extrinsic Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer (EFFPI), with the specific aims of analyzing both periodic and non-periodic vibrations. This thesis is divided into five chapters. In chapter I, we provide a brief overview of vibration measurements and their associated techniques, both optical and non-optical. A general description of the characteristics of fiber optic interferometers most suited for this application is next included. The emphasis on non-contact measurement, geometrical flexibility, accessibility to the mesurand in question and the ease of deployment orientates our choice towards the fiber Fabry-Perot device. Chapter II presents the operating principles of the EFFPI. The device contains a “virtual” pseudo-dual-cavity which is generated due to the introduction of polarization-controlling optics into the optical path of the sensing cavity. This configuration enables two sets of “quadrature phase-shifted” interference signals to be obtained, hence eliminating the problem of directional ambiguity. The general properties of the interferometer, such as its reflectance and fringe visibility, have been characterized. More importantly, the polarization states of the injected and output lightwaves have been studied to further understand polarization-induced signal attenuation with the aim of reducing this parasitic effect. A modified zero-crossing fringe demodulation technique is described in chapter III for processing the interference signals from the dual-cavity EFFPI sensor into useful displacement information. The resolution of the demodulation scheme is determined by the number of sub-levels into which the interference fringes can be divided. In this work, a λ/64 resolution is deemed sufficient for application in periodic vibrations with relatively large amplitudes. Various signal types, such as sinusoidal, square, and triangular excitations have been applied and experimentally verified. Possible errors due to temperature variation of the laser source as well as the target orientation during displacement measurements are also investigated. In chapter IV, a phase-tracking technique is described for demodulating the interference signals into the required/desired displacement of a target subjected to non-periodic vibration. The development of a simulation and demodulation program enables the analysis of out-of-quadrature phase errors, random noise effects, quantization noise, etc. The detected phase errors can subsequently be corrected by the demodulator while the noise can be reduced via an amplitude correction method. Experimental tests under squarewave excitation carried out with a PieZo-electric Transducer (PZT) incorporating a capacitive sensor demonstrated excellent agreement (difference of only a few nanometers). The EFFPI sensor is next employed for two specific applications. In seismometry, the possibility of our sensor for detecting both vibration amplitudes and velocities is aptly demonstrated. In addition, the fiber sensor is also shown to be relatively accurate in measuring liquid level variation in an optical inclinometry set-up based on two communicating short-base vases. The final chapter concludes the work carried out in this thesis and proposes perspectives for further enhancing the performance of the developed senso
Développement d’un interféromètre extrinsèque à double cavités de type Fabry-Perot: Applications à la mesure de vibrations périodiques et non périodiques
No full textThe work involved in this thesis principally concerns the development and characterization of a dual-cavity Extrinsic Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer (EFFPI), with the specific aims of analyzing both periodic and non-periodic vibrations. This thesis is divided into five chapters. In chapter I, we provide a brief overview of vibration measurements and their associated techniques, both optical and non-optical. A general description of the characteristics of fiber optic interferometers most suited for this application is next included. The emphasis on non-contact measurement, geometrical flexibility, accessibility to the mesurand in question and the ease of deployment orientates our choice towards the fiber Fabry-Perot device. Chapter II presents the operating principles of the EFFPI. The device contains a “virtual” pseudo-dual-cavity which is generated due to the introduction of polarization-controlling optics into the optical path of the sensing cavity. This configuration enables two sets of “quadrature phase-shifted” interference signals to be obtained, hence eliminating the problem of directional ambiguity. The general properties of the interferometer, such as its reflectance and fringe visibility, have been characterized. More importantly, the polarization states of the injected and output lightwaves have been studied to further understand polarization-induced signal attenuation with the aim of reducing this parasitic effect. A modified zero-crossing fringe demodulation technique is described in chapter III for processing the interference signals from the dual-cavity EFFPI sensor into useful displacement information. The resolution of the demodulation scheme is determined by the number of sub-levels into which the interference fringes can be divided. In this work, a λ/64 resolution is deemed sufficient for application in periodic vibrations with relatively large amplitudes. Various signal types, such as sinusoidal, square, and triangular excitations have been applied and experimentally verified. Possible errors due to temperature variation of the laser source as well as the target orientation during displacement measurements are also investigated. In chapter IV, a phase-tracking technique is described for demodulating the interference signals into the required/desired displacement of a target subjected to non-periodic vibration. The development of a simulation and demodulation program enables the analysis of out-of-quadrature phase errors, random noise effects, quantization noise, etc. The detected phase errors can subsequently be corrected by the demodulator while the noise can be reduced via an amplitude correction method. Experimental tests under squarewave excitation carried out with a PieZo-electric Transducer (PZT) incorporating a capacitive sensor demonstrated excellent agreement (difference of only a few nanometers). The EFFPI sensor is next employed for two specific applications. In seismometry, the possibility of our sensor for detecting both vibration amplitudes and velocities is aptly demonstrated. In addition, the fiber sensor is also shown to be relatively accurate in measuring liquid level variation in an optical inclinometry set-up based on two communicating short-base vases. The final chapter concludes the work carried out in this thesis and proposes perspectives for further enhancing the performance of the developed sensor.Le travail présenté dans cette thèse concerne le développement et la caractérisation d’un interféromètre extrinsèque à double cavités de type Fabry-Pérot (EFFPI) en vue de l'analyse de vibrations périodiques et non périodiques. Le système comprend une cavité virtuelle pseudo-duale obtenue par l'introduction d'une optique de polarisation dans le chemin optique de la cavité de mesure. Cette configuration permet d'obtenir deux signaux d'interférence en quadrature. Deux techniques de démodulation, comptage de frange de type passage à zéro modifiée et poursuite de phase, ont été développées pour démoduler les signaux interférométriques déplacement. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent le potentiel du capteur pour résoudre l'ambiguïté directionnelle du mouvement de la cible, doublant ainsi son résolution par rapport à un interféromètre classique
Développement d’un interféromètre extrinsèque à double cavités de type Fabry-Perot: Applications à la mesure de vibrations périodiques et non périodiques
No full textThe work involved in this thesis principally concerns the development and characterization of a dual-cavity Extrinsic Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer (EFFPI), with the specific aims of analyzing both periodic and non-periodic vibrations. This thesis is divided into five chapters. In chapter I, we provide a brief overview of vibration measurements and their associated techniques, both optical and non-optical. A general description of the characteristics of fiber optic interferometers most suited for this application is next included. The emphasis on non-contact measurement, geometrical flexibility, accessibility to the mesurand in question and the ease of deployment orientates our choice towards the fiber Fabry-Perot device. Chapter II presents the operating principles of the EFFPI. The device contains a “virtual” pseudo-dual-cavity which is generated due to the introduction of polarization-controlling optics into the optical path of the sensing cavity. This configuration enables two sets of “quadrature phase-shifted” interference signals to be obtained, hence eliminating the problem of directional ambiguity. The general properties of the interferometer, such as its reflectance and fringe visibility, have been characterized. More importantly, the polarization states of the injected and output lightwaves have been studied to further understand polarization-induced signal attenuation with the aim of reducing this parasitic effect. A modified zero-crossing fringe demodulation technique is described in chapter III for processing the interference signals from the dual-cavity EFFPI sensor into useful displacement information. The resolution of the demodulation scheme is determined by the number of sub-levels into which the interference fringes can be divided. In this work, a λ/64 resolution is deemed sufficient for application in periodic vibrations with relatively large amplitudes. Various signal types, such as sinusoidal, square, and triangular excitations have been applied and experimentally verified. Possible errors due to temperature variation of the laser source as well as the target orientation during displacement measurements are also investigated. In chapter IV, a phase-tracking technique is described for demodulating the interference signals into the required/desired displacement of a target subjected to non-periodic vibration. The development of a simulation and demodulation program enables the analysis of out-of-quadrature phase errors, random noise effects, quantization noise, etc. The detected phase errors can subsequently be corrected by the demodulator while the noise can be reduced via an amplitude correction method. Experimental tests under squarewave excitation carried out with a PieZo-electric Transducer (PZT) incorporating a capacitive sensor demonstrated excellent agreement (difference of only a few nanometers). The EFFPI sensor is next employed for two specific applications. In seismometry, the possibility of our sensor for detecting both vibration amplitudes and velocities is aptly demonstrated. In addition, the fiber sensor is also shown to be relatively accurate in measuring liquid level variation in an optical inclinometry set-up based on two communicating short-base vases. The final chapter concludes the work carried out in this thesis and proposes perspectives for further enhancing the performance of the developed sensor.Le travail présenté dans cette thèse concerne le développement et la caractérisation d’un interféromètre extrinsèque à double cavités de type Fabry-Pérot (EFFPI) en vue de l'analyse de vibrations périodiques et non périodiques. Le système comprend une cavité virtuelle pseudo-duale obtenue par l'introduction d'une optique de polarisation dans le chemin optique de la cavité de mesure. Cette configuration permet d'obtenir deux signaux d'interférence en quadrature. Deux techniques de démodulation, comptage de frange de type passage à zéro modifiée et poursuite de phase, ont été développées pour démoduler les signaux interférométriques déplacement. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent le potentiel du capteur pour résoudre l'ambiguïté directionnelle du mouvement de la cible, doublant ainsi son résolution par rapport à un interféromètre classique
A design of LED driver circuit for reducing production cost in Thailand industry
Get PDFIn this paper, the designing of a modified flyback converter circuit for 100 Watts LED lighting has been demonstrated. Some important factors, i.e. efficiency (ɛ), power factor (PF), and total harmonic current distortion (THDi), are considered for interpreting the performance of the proposed circuit. A commercial driver circuit which an efficiency of 94% and price of ∼2,000 THB has, consequently, been employed as a reference circuit. Two experimental setups, performance investigation and cost analysis, have been demonstrated for confirming the concept designed. However, the experimental results shown that an efficiency of the developed driver is 93.93%, while the implementation cost is 1,257 THB respectively. Compared with the reference circuit, we found that the performance of modified flyback circuit is almost equivalent in any parameters, while the cost is cheaper than the reference of 37.15%. This implies that there is a possibility to transfer the knowledge of designing concept to mass production for Thailand industry. In addition, it would thus be reduced the investment cost by the importation driver circuits from other countries and also to support Thailand industry for producing the high quality goods for exporting aboard
Supercharged Saroj! Early Literacy Leader Shares Decades of Wisdom
No full textNow retired, early childhood literacy consultant and national trainer and author Saroj Nadkarni Ghoting has spent decades supporting the causes dear to librarians’ hearts. We thought spotlighting her long-time advocacy was well earned.Saroj, you have always supported and promoted diversity in your work; how did this become an important value to you?I guess you could say I was lucky! My father was from India and my mother was the daughter of orthodox Jews from Russia. So, I grew up with multiple languages and cultures in Bethesda, MD, a suburb of Washington, DC.We spoke English at home. My father taught us Marathi before we visited India when I was 12, and my mother read us the postcards in Yiddish she received every day from her mother. Our father told us stories from his childhood, from Hindu works (YAY! Oral storytellling!). My mom read us picture books every day. And we always used our public libraries
Feasibility Analysis of Investment Cost for Medical Equipment Business via E-commerce System
No full textDevelopment of an extrinsic dual-cavity fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (applications to periodic and non-periodic vibration measurements)
No full textLe travail présenté dans cette thèse concerne le développement et la caractérisation d un interféromètre extrinsèque à double cavités de type Fabry-Pérot (EFFPI) en vue de l'analyse de vibrations périodiques et non périodiques. Le système comprend une cavité virtuelle pseudo-duale obtenue par l'introduction d'une optique de polarisation dans le chemin optique de la cavité de mesure. Cette configuration permet d'obtenir deux signaux d'interférence en quadrature. Deux techniques de démodulation, comptage de frange de type passage à zéro modifiée et poursuite de phase, ont été développées pour démoduler les signaux interférométriques déplacement. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent le potentiel du capteur pour résoudre l'ambiguïté directionnelle du mouvement de la cible, doublant ainsi son résolution par rapport à un interféromètre classique.TOULOUSE-ENSEEIHT (315552331) / SudocSudocFranceF
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