180,612 research outputs found
The loss of *g before *m in Proto-Slavic
No full textThis paper proposes a new sound rule for Proto-Slavic, according to which *g (from PIE *g, *gw, *gh, and *gwh) was lost before *m. This development was posterior to Winter’s law and the merger of voiced and aspirated stop in Slavic. The operation of the rule is illustrated by new etymologies of four Slavic words: *ama, *jama ‘hole, pit’, *těmę ‘sinciput’, *mąžь ‘husband, man’, and *remy ‘leather belt’
Proto-Romance Morphology Comparative Romance Grammar, vol. III
No full textThis volume deals with the reconstructed morphology of Proto-Romance. It is the third in a series by this author. The first volume (1974, Elsevier) deals with the external history of the Romance languages: the conditions under which they developed, were used, and (in some instances) went out of use. The second volume (1976, Elsevier) treats the phonology of their common source, Proto-Romance. Together these three volumes aim to cast light, not only on Popular Latin speech by means of its surviving elements in the Romance languages, but also on the extent to which the comparative method can be regarded as valid and useful in instances where no attestations are available for a language as closely related to the reconstructed proto-language as high Classical Latin was to Proto-Romance.PROTO-ROMANCE MORPHOLOGY -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- PREFACE -- A NOTE ON TRANSCRIPTION -- Table of contents -- I. INTRODUCTION -- 1. MORPHOLOGY IN LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE -- 1.0. The Rôle of Morphology -- 1.1. Types of Morphological Variation -- 1.2. The Reconstruction of Morphology -- 1.3. Morphology and Syntax -- 1.4. Morphophonemic Alternations -- 1.5. Classical Latin and Romance Morphology -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 -- II. PROTO-ROMANCE INFLECTION -- 2. MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC CRITERIA -- 2.1. Categories of Inflection -- 2.11. GENDER. -- 2.12. CASE. -- 2.13. NUMBER. -- 2.14. PERSON. -- 2.15. TENSE. -- 2.2. Distinctive Syntactic Functions -- 2.21. PREDICATION -- 2.22. PROTAGONISM -- 2.23. ATTRIBUTION -- 2.24. COMPLEMENTATION -- 2.25. SUBSTITUTION. -- 2.26. INTRODUCTION. -- 2.27. CONNECTION. -- 2.28. MINOR-CLAUSE FUNCTION. -- 2.3. Classification of Forms -- 3. FORM-CLASSES: SUBSTANTIVES AND PRONOUNS -- 3.0. Structure of Inflected Forms -- 3.1. Substantives -- 3.11. SUB-CLASSES (DECLENSIONS) -- 3.12. NOUNS. -- 3.13. ADJECTIVES -- 3.131. DESCRIPTIVE adjectives -- 3.132. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES -- 3.14. MORPHOPHONEMIC ALTERNATIONS -- 3.2. PRONOUNS -- 3.21. PERSONAL-PRONOUNS -- 3.22. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS -- 3.23. RELATIVE-INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 -- 4. FORM-CLASSES: VERBS -- 4.1. The Structure of Finite Forms -- 4.11. STEMS AND STEM-FORMANTS. -- 4.12. CONJUGATIONS -- 4.13. TENSES. -- 4.14. TENSE-MARKERS -- 4.15. PERSONAL ENDINGS -- 4.16. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS -- 4.2. STEM A. -- 4.21. NON-PAST A -- 4.22. PAST A -- 4.23. TIMELESS A -- 4.24. IMPERATIVE -- 4.25. FUTURE -- 4.3. STEM B. -- 4.4. STEM C. -- 4.41. STEM-FORMANTS. -- 4.42. NON-PAST C. -- 4.43. PAST C. -- 4.44. PRE-PAST C. -- 4.45. TIMELESS C. -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 -- 5. FORM-CLASSES: INDECLINABLES -- 5.1. Morphophonemic Alternations5.2. Classes of Indeclinables -- 5.21. ADVERBS. -- 5.211. INTERROGATIVE-RELATIVE -- 5.212. NON-INTERROGATIVE-RELATIVE -- 5.22. ADVERBS HAVING OTHER FUNCTIONS -- 5.23. PREPOSITIONS. -- 5.24. SUBORDINATORS -- 5.25. COÖRDINATORS -- 5.26. MINOR-CLAUSE-FORMS -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 -- III. PROTO-ROMANCE DERIVATION -- 6. TYPES OF DERIVATION -- 6.1. Affixation -- 6.2. Compounding -- 6.3. Endocentric and Exocentric Formations -- 6.4. Practical Considerations -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 -- 7.SUFFIXATION -- 7.0.Automatic Replacement of Phonemes -- 7.1. Substantives (Adjectives and Nouns) -- 7.11. ON SUBSTANTIVES -- 7.12. ON VERBS -- 7.2. Adjectives -- 7.21. ON SUBSTANTIVES -- 7.22. ON ADJECTIVES, NOUNS, AND ADVERBS -- 7.23. ON NOUNS -- 7.24. ON NUMERALS -- 7.25. ON PRONOUNS -- 7.26. ON VERBS -- 7.261. PARTICIPLES -- 7.262. OTHER ADJECTIVES FORMED ON VERBS -- 7.3. Nouns -- 7.31. ON SUBSTANTIVES AND VERBS -- 7.32. ON SUBSTANTIVES -- 7.33. ONADJECTIVES -- 7.34. ON NOUNS AND VERBS -- 7.35. ON NOUNS -- 7.36. ON VERBS -- 7.4. Numerals -- 7.5. Verbs -- 7.51. THE "SUPINE"-STEM -- 7.511. SPECIAL MORPHOPHONEMIC REPLACEMENTS -- 7.512. FORMATION OF "SUPINE"-STEMS. -- 7.52. ON SUBSTANTIVES -- 7.53. ON ADJECTIVES -- 7.54. ON NOUNS -- 7.55. ON VERBS -- 7.56. ON ADVERBS -- 7.6. Adverbs -- 7.61. ON ADJECTIVES -- 7.62. ON ADVERBS -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 -- 8.PREFIXATION -- 8.1. Verbs -- 8.11. ON SUBSTANTIVES AND VERBS -- 8.12. ON VERBS -- 8.2. Adverbs -- 9. COMPOUNDING -- 9.1. Endocentric Compounds -- 9.11. ADJECTIVES -- 9.12. NOUNS. -- 9.13. NUMERALS. -- 9.14. VERBS. -- 9.15. ADVERBS -- 9.2. Exocentric Compounds -- 9.21. VERBS -- 9.22. ADVERBS -- IV. FROM LATIN TO PROTO-ROMANCE -- 10. INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES -- 10.1. Nouns -- 10.11. PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 10.12. LATIN -- 10.120. FROM PIE TO LATIN. -- 10.121. AUTOMATIC REPLACEMENTS -- 10.122. NOUN-CLASSES. -- 10.13. PROTO-ROMANCE.10.2. Adjectives -- 10.21. PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 10.22. LATIN -- 10.221. AUTOMATIC REPLACEMENTS -- 10.222. ADJECTIVE-CLASSES. -- 10.223. INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS -- 10.224. MORPHOPHONEMIC ALTERNATIONS -- 10.23. PROTO-ROMANCE ADJECTIVES -- 10.3. Numerals -- 10.4. Pronouns -- 10.5. Verbs -- 10.51. PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 10.52. LATIN -- 10.6. INDECLINABLES -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 -- 11. DERIVATIONAL CATEGORIES -- 11.1. Derivational Patterns -- 11.2. Derivational Processes -- 11.21. SUFFIXATION. -- 11.22. PREFIXATION -- 11.23. COMPOUNDING -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 11 -- V. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ROMANCE -- 12. INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES AND MORPHOPHONEMICS -- 12.1. Loss of Contrasts -- 12.2. Development of New Contrasts -- 12.21. INDEFINITE ARTICLE -- 12.22. DEFINITE ARTICLE -- 12.23. MORPHOPHONEMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 12 -- 13. INFLECTIONAL CLASSES -- 13.1. Nouns -- 13.2. Adjectives -- 13.3. Pronouns -- 13.4. Numerals -- 13.5. Verbs -- 13.6.Indeclinables -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 13 -- 14. DERIVATIONAL ELEMENTS -- 14.1.Suffixation -- 14.2. Prefixation -- 14.3. Patterns of Compounding -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 14 -- VI. APPENDICES -- 15. FURTHER COMPARATIVE TABLES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- LIST OF PROTO-ROMANCE WORDS -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- AUTHORS AND TITLES -- INDEXOF TOPICSThis volume deals with the reconstructed morphology of Proto-Romance. It is the third in a series by this author. The first volume (1974, Elsevier) deals with the external history of the Romance languages: the conditions under which they developed, were used, and (in some instances) went out of use. The second volume (1976, Elsevier) treats the phonology of their common source, Proto-Romance. Together these three volumes aim to cast light, not only on Popular Latin speech by means of its surviving elements in the Romance languages, but also on the extent to which the comparative method can be regarded as valid and useful in instances where no attestations are available for a language as closely related to the reconstructed proto-language as high Classical Latin was to Proto-Romance.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Variable finals in proto-Sino-Tibetan
No full textThis paper concentrates on variable finals, and argues that just as we find a certain amount of both rule-governed and non-rule governed variation in modern languages, in reconstructing Proto-Sino-Tibetan we should recognize the possibility of these types of variation
Applying the proto-theory of design to explain and modify the parameter analysis method of conceptual design
No full textThis article reports on the outcomes of applying the notions provided by the reconstructed proto-theory of design, based on Aristotle’s remarks, to the parameter analysis (PA) method of conceptual design. Two research questions are addressed: (1) What further clarification and explanation to the approach of PA is provided by the proto-theory? (2) Which conclusions can be drawn from the study of an empirically derived
design approach through the proto-theory regarding usefulness, validity and range of that theory? An overview of PA and an application example illustrate its present model and unique characteristics. Then, seven features of the proto-theory are explained and demonstrated through geometrical problem solving and analogies are drawn between these features and the corresponding ideas in modern design thinking.
Historical and current uses of the terms analysis and synthesis in design are also outlined and contrasted, showing that caution should be exercised when applying them. Consequences regarding the design moves, process and strategy of PA allow proposing modifications to its model, while demonstrating how the ancient method of analysis can contribute to better understanding of contemporary design-theoretic issues
Proto-oncogene c-jun expression is induced by AML1-ETO in a JNK dependent manner:possible role in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia
No full textOverexpression of proto-oncogene c-jun and constitutive activation of the Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway have been implicated in the leukemic transformation process. However, c-jun expression has not been investigated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells containing the most common chromosomal translocations. t(8;21) is one of the most common AML-associated translocation and results in the AML1-ETO fusion protein. Overexpression of AML1-ETO in NIH3T3 cells leads to increased phosphorylation of Ser63 in c-Jun, which is generally JNK dependent. The role of the JNK signaling pathway for the functional properties of AML1-ETO is, however, unknown.
In the present study we found high expression levels of c-jun mRNA in t(8;21), t(15;17) or inv(16) positive patient cells by microarray analysis. Within t(8;21) positive patient samples, there was a correlation between AML1-ETO and c-jun mRNA expression levels. In myeloid U937 cells, c-jun mRNA and c-Jun protein expression levels increased upon induction of AML1-ETO. AML1-ETO transactivated the human c-jun promoter through the proximal AP-1 site via activating the JNK signaling pathway. JNK targets c-Jun and ATF-2, which also bind to the proximal AP-1 site in U937 cells, were also phosphorylated upon AML1-ETO induction. Furthermore, AML1-ETO induction increased the DNA binding capacity of c-Jun and ATF-2 to the proximal AP-1 site of the c-jun promoter, which might result in their enhanced transactivation capacities.
Interference with JNK and c-Jun activation by using JIP-1 or a JNK inhibitor reduced the transactivation capacity of AML1-ETO on the c-jun promoter and the pro-apoptotic function of AML1-ETO in U937 cells. AML1-ETO seems to activate the JNK signaling pathway by inducing the expression of a cytoplasmic factor, possibly G-CSF, because supernatant of AML1-ETO expressing cells was sufficient to induce phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun in wildtype U937 cells.
This data demonstrates a novel mechanism of how AML1-ETO might exert positive effects on target gene expression and identifies the proto-oncogene c-jun as a common target gene in AML patient cells.Überexpression des Proto-Onkogens c-jun und konstitutive Aktivierung des Jun NH2-terminalen Kinase (JNK)-Signaltransduktionsweges sind wichtig für die leukämische Transformation in der Chronischen Myeloischen Leukämie. Die Expression von c-jun bei Akuter Myeloischer Leukämie (AML) mit den häufigsten reziproken Translokationen ist jedoch unbekannt. Bei einer der häufigsten AML Translokation t(8;21) wurde in Fibroblastenzellen gezeigt, daß das AML1-ETO-Fusionsgen die Phosphorylierung des Serin 63 in c-Jun erhöht. Die Rolle des JNK-Signalweges, der c-Jun am Serin 63 phosphorylieren kann, für die Funktion von AML1-ETO wurde bisher jedoch nicht untersucht. Weiterhin kann aktiviertes c-Jun durch eine positive Rückkoppelungsschleife über den c-jun Promotor zur Erhöhung der c-Jun Expression führen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten wir zeigen, daß AML Patientenzellen mit den häufigen Translokationen: t(8;21), t(15;17) oder inv(16) mehr c-jun mRNA besitzen im Vergleich zu Knochenmarkszellen gesunder Probanden. Weiterhin fanden wir eine hohe Korrelation zwischen der AML1-ETO und der c-jun mRNA bei t(8;21) positiven Patientenzellen. Induktion von AML1-ETO in der myeloischen U937 Zellinie erhöhte sowohl c-jun mRNA als auch c-Jun Proteinexpression. Damit konnten wir zeigen, daß AML1-ETO die Erhöhung der c-jun Expression bewirkt. Wir untersuchten den molekularen Mechanismus in U937 Zellen mittels transienter Transfektionen und fanden, daß AML1-ETO den c-jun Promotor durch die proximale AP-1 Seite transaktiviert. Diese Transaktivierung erfolgte indirekt über Aktivierung des JNK-Signaltransduktionsweges durch AML1-ETO. AML1-ETO-Induktion führte auch zur Phosphorylierung der JNK-Zielproteine c-Jun und ATF-2. Diese konnten im Gelretardierungsassay an die proximale AP-1 Seite des c-jun Promotors binden und wurden durch AML1-ETO-Induktion in ihrer Bindungsfähigkeit verstärkt. Deshalb nehmen wir an, daß die Transaktivierungskapazität des c-jun Promotors durch AML1-ETO über die Aktivierung des JNK-Signalweges läuft
The stereoselective polymerization of linear conjugated dienes
No full textPolydienes are amongst the largest worldwide produced and manufactured classes of polymers. This is because of their elastomeric properties, which make them suitable for many applications as synthetic rubbers.1
Reconstructing Proto-Muskogean Language and Prehistory: Preliminary results
No full textRecent years have seen an upsurge in interest in Muskogean linguistics, and considerable progress has been made in understanding the prehistory of these languages and in reconstructing a vocabulary for proto-Muskogean. 1 This paper will argue that this reconstructed vocabulary provides us with information about the branching order of the languages within the family, tentative dates for language separation, and evidence about the environment of the Proto-Muskogeans. 1. The classification of the languages The Muskogean family contains four groups of closely related languages. Those spoken in this century are a.) Choctaw and Chickasaw b.) Alabama and Koasati c.) Hitchiti (now extinct) and Mikasuk
A novel Pseudomonas fluorescens strain as a versatile measure against different bacterial plant diseases
No full textIn this study, the efficacy of the strain BB20 of P. fluorescens (Pf) bv.1 (Patent No. PCT/IB2012/050694; European Application No./Patent No. 12706932.6 – 1401) was in vitro and in vivo evaluated against several bacterial pathogens, agents of disease of different plant species. Moreover, preliminary solid and liquid formulations of the antagonist were firstly assayed for their time stability when stored at 4 °C and assayed against bacterial pathogens in in vivo experiments. In in vitro experiments BB20 inhibited the growth of several bacterial pathogen species by producing a peptidic antibacterial compound. Moreover, the antagonist suspension was able to prevent infections of Erwinia amylovora (Ea), Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xv) and X. arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) by providing a relative protection of 62%, 64% and 58% when applied on pear, tomato and peach plants, respectively, under greenhouse and outdoor conditions. The solid and liquid formulations resulted stable and maintained the initial concentration for 6monthsat4°C. The in vivo efficacy of both solid and liquid formulations was comparable to that of fresh bacterial suspensions and resulted able to significantly reduce the fire blight incidence on pear plantlets and to statistically decrease the bacterial leaf spot severity on tomato plants and peach one-year-scions. The in vitro efficacy against a broad spectrum of bacterial pathogen species and the ability to prevent bacterial plant infections under controlled and field conditions pose the strain BB20 as a versatile tool in the frame of integrated control measures
Regulation of proto-Dbl by intracellular membrane targeting and protein stability
No full textThe pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of onco-Dbl, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42 and RhoA GTPases, interacts with phosphoinositides (PIPs). This interaction modulates both the GEF activity and the targeting to the plasma membrane of onco-Dbl. Conversely, we have previously shown that in proto-Dbl an intramolecular interaction between the N-terminal domain and the PH domain imposes a negative regulation on both the DH and PH functions, suppressing its transforming activity. Here we have further investigated the mode of regulation of proto-Dbl by generating proto-Dbl mutants deleted of the last C-terminal 50 amino acids, which contain a PEST motif, and/or unable to bind to PIPs due to substitutions of the positively charged residues of the PH domain. The PH mutants of proto-Dbl retained a relative weak GEF activity toward Cdc42 and RhoA in vitro, but their RhoA activating potential was impaired in vivo. Further, these mutants lost both the plasma membrane targeting and the transforming activities, contrary to the PH mutants of onco-Dbl that retained the exchange activity both in vitro and in vivo and showed significant, but partially, reduced transforming activity. Deletion of the C-terminal sequences from onco-Dbl did not affect its function, whereas similar deletion of proto-Dbl led to an increase of transforming activity. Analysis of the half-life of the proto-Dbl mutants revealed that deletion of the C-terminal sequences increases the stability of the protein. Overall, the transformation potential of proto-Dbl mutants was associated with an augmented localization of the protein to the plasma membrane and a strong activation of Jun N-terminal kinase activity and transcription of cyclin D1. Together with previous observations, these data suggest that the biological activity of proto-Dbl is tightly regulated by a combination of mechanisms that involve intramolecular interaction, PH binding to PIPs, and the N- and C-terminal domain-dependent turnover of the protein
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