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The influence of urban transport infrastructure on bicycle route and mode choice
No full textSummary
The prioritisation of bicycle-friendly infrastructure is now on the agenda of many policymakers seeking to capitalise on the advantages of cycling for transport. This thesis focusses upon how the improved availability, quality, and connectivity of infrastructure suitable for cycling can influence cycling behavior at the city and neighbourhood level.
Two key elements are necessary to understand the local-scale impact of bicycle infrastructure: the decision to bicycle in preference of other transport modes and the choice of route on the transport network. This thesis first addresses bicycle mode and route choice independently of each other before analysing the interaction between these elements in the context of bicycle infrastructure interventions.
This article-based thesis is comprised of five research papers: four empirical studies and one literature review. Three of the empirical cases are based in the Norwegian city of Trondheim and the fourth is based in Oslo. Paper I addresses the modal shift of employees following a workplace relocation. Papers II and III are focused on bicycle route choice – firstly as a review of methods and then in connection with student route preferences. The two final papers, Papers IV and V, integrate both mode and route choice elements for the detailed analysis of neighbourhood scale effects resulting from the installation of bicycle lanes in Trondheim and Oslo respectively.
The research uses a mixed methods approach, with a focus on empirical data to address the objectives of the thesis. Before and after travel surveys, webbased maps and GPS are the main means of data collection. Comparative analyses are performed using a Geographic Information System (GIS).
Findings suggest that the decision to bicycle is to a significant extent determined by trip and spatial characteristics of the destination (Paper I). Route substitution is witnessed in both intervention studies (Papers IV and V), whilst significant changes (p < .05) in the modal share of cyclists is only witnessed in one (Paper IV), suggesting that it is mostly changes of route rather than mode that contribute to an individual intervention street’s change in bicycle volumes.
Bicycle-specific infrastructure appears to be generally valued by all types of road users, however, the evidence suggests that public transport users and pedestrians are more willing to change their mode of transport assuming the only changes made are to the bicycle infrastructure (Papers I and IV). This suggests that much of the increase in the use of new bicycle infrastructure is the result of a reduction in the use of other sustainable transport modes. Many of the benefits associated with increased cycling are the result of reduced private car use, but for this to be achieved, it appears that initiatives beneficial for cyclists alone are insufficient.
The means by which different transport infrastructure attributes can be researched and are valued by users are discussed by Papers II and III respectively. Paper II is a systematic review summarising the means through which revealed preference bicycle route choice data can be collected whilst Paper III evaluates four different Bicycle Level of Service (BLOS) methods for determining bicycle route choice. The latter study reveals that empirically founded BLOS methods with the most explanatory infrastructural attributes correspond best with actual route choices of university students. Of the tested BLOS methods, the Bicycle Compatibility Index is found to correspond best with actual route choice.
Developing an understanding of the impacts of bicycle infrastructure can assist the prioritisation of limited city budgets towards the promotion of sustainable mobility behaviour. This research attempts to advance the state of the art for bicycle route choice research whilst also addressing the decision to bicycle for transportation purposes.Sammendrag
Sykkelvennlig infrastruktur blir i økende grad prioritert av både byplanleggere og politikere for å utnytte fordelen med sykkel som transportmiddel. Denne avhandlingen setter søkelys på hvordan forbedret tilgjengelighet til og framkommelighet på sykkelinfrastruktur kan påvirke sykkelatferd både på by- og nabolagsnivå.
To nøkkelelementer for å forstå den lokale påvirkningen av sykkelinfrastruktur er valg av sykkel som reisemiddel og rutevalg blant sykkelbrukerne. Avhandlingen starter med å undersøke sykkelreisemiddelvalg og rutevalg uavhengig av hverandre, før den samlede effekten av disse blir analysert i lys av intervensjoner i sykkelinfrastrukturen.
Denne artikkel-baserte avhandlingen omfatter fem vitenskapelige publikasjoner, hvorav fire er empiriske casestudier og en artikkel er en litteraturgjennomgang. Tre av de empiriske casestudiene henter sine data fra Trondheim, den fjerde fra Oslo. Artikkel I beskriver endringer i reisemiddelvalg i forbindelse med flytting av en kontorbedrift i Trondheim. Artikkel II og III fokuserer på sykkelrutevalg – der artikkel II gir en oversikt over metoder for datainnsamling mens artikkel III ser på studenters preferanser i sykkelrutevalg. De to siste artiklene, IV og V, kombinerer både reisemiddel- og rutevalg for en detaljert analyse av lokale effekter av opparbeidelsen av en sykkelveg og et sykkelfelt i henholdsvis Trondheim og Oslo.
Det er benyttet flere ulike metoder i dette forskningsarbeidet, og det er lagt vekt på å adressere forskningsspørsmålene ved hjelp av empiriske data. De primære metodene for datafangst har vært reisevaneundersøkelser før og etter tiltak, samt registrering av reisemønstre ved hjelp av GPS eller nettbaserte kart. Geografiske informasjonssystemer (GIS) har vært brukt for å gjennomføre komparative analyser.
Funnene tyder på at valget om å gjøre arbeidsreisen med sykkel i stor grad er påvirket av egenskaper ved selve reisen samt egenskaper knyttet til arealbruk ved arbeidsstedet (artikkel I). Ruteendring er påvist i begge intervensjonsstudiene (artikler IV og V), mens signifikante endringer i sykkelandelen (p < .05) bare er funnet i artikkel IV. Dette antyder at det er ruteendringer i større grad enn reisemiddelendringer, som bidrar til endringer i antallet syklister i gatene når det blir gjort endringer i sykkelinfrastrukturen.
Sykkelspesifikk infrastruktur viser seg å være verdsatt av alle typer brukere, men kollektivreisende og fotgjengere er i større grad villig til å endre reisemiddelvalget sitt dersom endringene er avgrenset til sykkelinfrastruktur (artikkel I og IV). Dette tyder på at mye av økningen observert langs ny sykkelinfrastruktur er et resultat av redusert bruk av andre bærekraftige reisemidler. Mange av fordelene assosiert med økt sykling er koblet til redusert personbilbruk, men for at dette kan realiseres, virker det som at tiltak som er knyttet kun til infrastruktur for syklister er utilstrekkelig.
Hvordan egenskaper ved transportinfrastrukturen kan bli forsket på, og hvordan de verdsettes av sykkelbrukere, er diskutert i henholdsvis artikkel II og III. Artikkel II er en systematisk litteraturgjennomgang som oppsummerer datainnsamlingsmetoder for faktiske, eller «revealed preference», sykkelrutevalg. Artikkel III evaluerer fire ulike «Bicycle Level of Service» (BLOS) metoder som brukes for å estimere sykkelrutevalg. Den sistnevnte studien viser at BLOS metoder som er basert på empiriske data og med flest attributter koblet til sykkelinfrastrukturen stemmer best med faktisk rutevalg blant universitetsstudenter – der Bicycle Compatibility Index har den beste matchen.
Å framskaffe kunnskap om påvirkningen av sykkelinfrastruktur kan gi et bedre grunnlag i prioriteringen av begrensede byutviklingsmidler til bærekraftig mobilitet. Forskningen i denne avhandlingen bidrar til økt kunnskap angående sykkelrutevalg og adresserer samtidig sykkelreisemiddelvalg til nytteformål
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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