1,721,586 research outputs found
Prosodic evidential and epistemic markers in Sardinian yes-no questions
No full textLittle has been said about the role of prosody as a marker of evidentiality and epistemicity. Whereas evidentiality refers to the marking of the source of information in a proposition, epistemicity refers to the expression of a speaker’s certainty about the truth value of his/her proposition (De Haan 2001). Crosslinguistically, evidentiality and epistemicity can be marked through different linguistic strategies. For example, evidential markers can be instantiated either morphologically (e.g., díiga apé-wi ‘I played football (I saw it)’ in Tuyuca: Papafragou et al. 2007) or lexically (Cruschina & Remberger 2008). On the other hand, epistemicity has been reported to be marked lexically (e.g., That would be my roommate in English: Gravano et al. 2008) and also prosodically through the use of distinct intonation contours (Vanrell et al. 2010).
Typologically, Sardinian constitutes a good test case to investigate the expression of evidentiality and epistemicity in yes-no questions, which can be expressed in a number of ways. For example, they can present a special intonation as in (1) or word order changes as in (2), or they can be headed by the particle a or nachi (na(rat) chi, ‘s/he says that’), see (3) and (4):
(1) Mandarinu, a che nd’at?¡H+L* L% ‘Do you have tangerines?’ vs. Nachi benis a mandigare?H+L* L% ‘Are you coming to eat (I suppose so)?’ vs. Sa una est? ¡H*+L L% ‘Is it one o’clock? ’ (Vanrell et al. 2011).
(2) Mandicatu as? ‘Have you eaten?’ (Remberger 2010).
(3) A benis a jocare chin mecus? ‘Are you coming to play with me?’ (Jones 1993).
(4) Nachi benis a mandigare? ‘Are you coming to eat (I suppose so)?’ (Vanrell et al. 2011).
The goal of this research is to test experimentally how prosody interacts with lexicosyntactic structure in conveying evidentiality and epistemicity. The preliminary corpus analyzed was obtained by means of the Discourse Completion Test methodology (Nurani 2009), using a prompted response questionnaire. Following Sudo’s (to appear) proposal, we created a set of situations which contained different combinations of evidential and epistemic conditions (e.g., ‘It’s time for lunch and your daughter arrives home. You know that she does not eat a lot, but today she seems to be hungry. Ask her whether she is hungry’). For instance, this specific situation was evidentially biased for a positive answer to the question and epistemically biased for a negative answer. 11 female speakers of Logudorese Sardinian participated in this experiment. We elicited a total of 26 situations x 11 speakers, yielding a total of 286 utterances. For the work presented here, the data from 3 speakers were annotated in terms of prosody and use of lexical and syntactic markers. The preliminary results clearly confirm that unbiased yes-no questions are systematically headed by the particle a and also characterized by the upstepped falling nuclear accent ¡H+L* L% (84% of the time) (Fig. 1). By contrast, biased yes-no questions (be it epistemically or evidentially) present fronted constituents (87%) and the rising-falling H*+L L% intonational pattern (83%) (Fig. 2). However, when the bias leads to a negative answer, it can also be marked by means of negation (47%), which is incompatible with fronting, and rising-falling contours (62%) (Fig. 3). In addition, differences concerning the nature of the bias, evidential or epistemic, are found. All in all, the results suggest that there is an important correlation between the syntactic/lexical form chosen and the intonational contour choice. It is thus clear that prosodic markers of epistemicity and evidentiality in questions have to be studied hand in hand with their lexicosyntactic properties. The innovation of this work lies in including two different types of bias in yes-no questions, evidential and epistemic, and in considering that these biases can also be grammatically encoded in prosody.
Figure 1: Waveform and f0 contour of the utterance De tumatas, a nd’as? (‘Do you have tomatoes?’).
Figure 2: Waveform and f0 contour of the utterance Ma cuddu líberu est, custu pacu?(‘But is that the book?’).
Figure 3: Waveform and f0 contour of the utterance E tando no nd’endides pius, de ‘irdura? (‘So you are not going to sell vegetables anymore?’).
References
Cruschina, S., Remberger, E.-M. 2008. Hearsay and reported speech. Evidentiality in Romance. In Benincà, P., Damonte, F., Penello, N. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 34th Incontro di Grammatica Generativa. Padova: Unipress (Special issue Rivista di Grammatica Generativa, vol. 33), 95-116.
De Haan, F. 2001. The relation between modality and evidentiality. In Müller, R., Reis, M. (eds.), Modalität und Modalverben im Deutschen. Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft 9. Hamburg: H. Buske, 201-216.
Gravano, A., Benus, S., Hirschberg, J., Sneed German, E., Ward, G. 2008. The effect of contour type and epistemic modality on the assessment of speaker certainty. In Barbosa, P. A., Madureira, S., Reis, C. (eds.), Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2008. Campinas: ISCA Archive, 401-404.
Jones, M. A. 1993. Sintassi della lingua sarda. Cagliari: Condaghes.
Nurani, L. M. 2009. Methodological issue in pragmatic research: is discourse completion test a reliable data collection instrument?. Jurnal Sosioteknologi Edisi 17 Tahun 8, 667-678.
Papafragou, A., Li, P., Choi, Y., Han, Ch. 2007. Evidentiality in language and cognition. Cognition 103, 253-299.
Remberger, E.-M. 2010. Left-peripheral interactions in Sardinian. Lingua 120, 555-581.
Sudo, Y. To appear. Biased polar questions in English and Japanese. In: Gutzman, D., Gärtner, H. M. (eds.), Expressives and Other Kinds of Non-truth-conditional meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Vanrell, M. M., Mascaró, I., Torres-Tamarit, F., Prieto, P. 2010. When intonation plays the main character: information- vs. confirmation-seeking questions in Majorcan Catalan. Proceedings Speech Prosody 2010 100168: 1-4, ISBN: 978-0-557-51931-6. (5 November 2011).
Vanrell, M.M., Schirru, C., Ballone, F., Prieto, P. 2011. Sard_ToBI. Paper presented at Workshop on Romance ToBI. (5 November 2011)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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