1,721,011 research outputs found
An exploratory study on CAI tools in simultaneous interpreting: Theoretical framework and stimulus validation
No full textThe acquisition of terminology and specialized knowledge prior to a technical conference represents a fundamental phase in the interpreter’s workflow, but quick and easy access to terminological information during the interpreting task is equally important to support the interpreter in the rendition of terminology and to ensure a high-quality interpreting performance. Over the past few years, terminology management tools have been developed specifically for interpreters, but the impact of such tools on the cognitive processes involved in simultaneous interpreting is still unclear. To this end, an exploratory study was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness of the stimuli adopted for data collection and to verify whether the use of computer-assisted interpreting tools causes saturation or, on the contrary, helps prevent it by reducing the local cognitive load during terminology search and delivery of the target text
Computer-assisted interpreting (CAI) tools and CAI tools training
No full textThe chapter discusses computer-assisted interpreting (CAI) tools, focusing on their evolution, application, and impact on interpreter performance and training. It begins by contextualising computer-assisted interpreting within the broader framework of interpreting technologies and then traces the development of CAI tools, with an overview of the current landscape. With the goal to orient future investigations, the chapter scrutinises the existing body of research, spotlighting key enquiries and empirical approaches and examining the impact of tool use on interpreters’ performance and cognitive processes, as well as questions of system performance and usability. Training on and with CAI tools is discussed, and open pedagogical questions are highlighted. The chapter concludes by addressing possible developments in computer-assisted interpreting within the context of the recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI)
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) whole and fractionated larvae: In vitro protein digestibility and effect of lipid and chitin removal
No full textProtein quality, which can be defined by amino acid profile and protein digestibility, is of paramount importance when assessing a novel protein source. As the presence of chitin might impair insect protein digestion, and as there is little to no clarity as to how different insect fractions influence the overall protein digestibility, this study aimed at assessing the influence of lipids and chitin removal on the protein digestibility of black soldier fly larvae. The samples underwent an in vitro simulated gastro-intestinal digestion following the INFOGEST method, commonly used for humans, and both undigested matrices and digesta were characterized by means of amino acid composition, SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, and proteomic/peptidomic approaches. Protein solubilization, degree of hydrolysis (DH%) after digestion, and digestible indispensable amino acid (DIAA) contents were also determined. The results highlighted that the presence of chitin hindered protein digestion, as expected: in fact, the protein isolate showed the highest solubilized protein (84.0%), DH% (61.1%), and number of peptides and proteins detected by high resolution mass spectrometry (64 and 16, respectively), while the chitin-rich fraction the lowest (38.4% solubilized protein, 41.2% DH%, 37 peptides and 6 proteins detected, respectively). Additionally, the chitin-rich fraction had the lowest DIAAS. Interestingly, the preferred C-terminal cleavage sites for all samples were in line with the specificity of the enzymes used, meaning that insect proteins, compared to other matrices, do not change the enzymatic behavior in terms of their specificity
Assessment of Protein Quality and Digestibility in Plant-Based Meat Analogues
No full textIn this first work, commercial steak-like (n = 3) and cured meat (n = 3) analogues with different legume and cereal formulations were studied and compared to their animal-based (n = 3) counterparts. Plant-based products showed lower protein content than meat controls but a good amino acidic profile even though the sum of essential amino acids of plant-cured meats does not fulfill the requirements set by the Food and Agriculture Organization for children. A comparable release of soluble proteins and peptides in the digestates after in vitro digestion was observed in meat analogues as meat products, whereas the digestibility of proteins was lower in plant-based steaks and higher in plant-based cured meats than their counterparts. The overall protein quality and digestibility of products are related to both the use of good blending of protein sources and processes applied to produce them. An adequate substitution of meat with its analogues depends mostly on the quality of raw materials used, which should be communicated to consumers
How D-amino acids embedded in the protein sequence modify its digestibility: Behaviour of digestive enzymes tested on a model peptide used as target
No full textD-amino acids can affect the action of digestive enzymes, hence the protein digestion. In this work the behaviour of the main stomach and gut digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin) in the presence of D-amino acids in the protein chain was monitored over time using a model peptide, Ac-LDAQSAPLRVYVE-NH2 (belonging to β-lactoglobulin, position 48-60), where L-amino acids were systematically substituted by D-amino acids. The results showed several changes in the behaviour of digestive enzymes, not only when the D-amino acids are inserted at the specific cleavage sites (after Val-57), but in some cases also when in distant positions. The effect seemed more pronounced in the case of pepsin rather than the gut enzymes, possibly indicating a better resilience of the upper gut phase of digestion to racemization. These results demonstrated that racemization could impair nutritional value by slowing down digestibility and has different effects according to the enzyme/amino acids involved
A Complete Mass Spectrometry (MS)-Based Peptidomic Description of Gluten Peptides Generated During In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Durum Wheat: Implication for Celiac Disease
No full textResistance of gluten to gastrointestinal digestion is involved in immune-mediated adverse reactions to wheat, since several peptides produced by the incomplete digestion are able to trigger, in predisposed individuals, the immune response responsible, for instance, of celiac disease (CD) and other adverse reactions. Even if several peptides have been identified, an exhaustive description of the peptidome generated by wheat digestion is lacking. To this end, in the present work, durum wheat proteins were fractionated, digested, and then subjected to various proteomic techniques, including single stage and multiple stage mass spectrometry (MS) (SDS-PAGE, UPLC/ESI-MS, UPLC/ESI-MS/MS, and LTQ-Orbitrap). Based on SDS-PAGE, although proteins were severely degraded after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, some differences were observed among protein profile of the different digests. Through untargeted UPLC techniques, 227 peptide sequences were identified, with only few sequences shared by the different digests. In particular, 9 gluten peptides involved in CD were identified. Based on target proteomic, the quantification of these peptides revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences among the different extracts. Taken together, all the proteomic tools confirmed that gluten digestion is closely related to the matrix regardless of wheat genotype. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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