1,720,955 research outputs found
Wybrane wskaźniki wielkości efektu w badaniach psychologicznych
Get PDFReflecting the changing statistical practice in psychological research, dominated by null hypothesis testing using a decision about the level of significance of the results, the recommendations are indicated for reporting effect sizes in papers. The study presents the concept of the effect size and indicates its place in data analysis regarding to outcome’s significance. The purpose of the work is to describe selected effect size indicators and to point the need of use and their proper presentation and interpretation in social sciences empirical work data analysis reports. Considering statistical analysis approach limits based on significance level only, the study presents the possibility of including in the data analysis an indicator of a more practical use which is the size of the effect. By using the most popular analysis methods, such as, Student t-test, univariate analyses of variance in between- and within-group schemes as well as Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney’s U, Kruskal-Wallis H, Friedman’s test and considering analysis for qualitative data, matched to research plans indicators of the effect size were presented. The paper presents the use, calculation and interpretation of the size effect such as: Cohen’s d, Hedges g, delta, Glass’s rg, matched pairs correlation rc, eta-square, omega-square and epsilon-square, Kendall’s W and fi, Cramer’s V as well as odds ratio and relative risk. The presentation of the effect size indicators was contrasted with the corresponding research plans and the type of data collected.Odzwierciedlając zmieniającą się praktykę statystyczną w badaniach psychologicznych, w której dominuje testowanie hipotez zerowych z wykorzystaniem decyzji o poziomie istotności wyników, wskazano zalecenia dotyczące raportowania w pracach wielkości efektu. W opracowaniu przedstawiono pojęcie wielkości efektu oraz wskazano miejsce, jakie zajmuje w analizie danych w odniesieniu do istotności wyników. Celem pracy jest opisanie wybranych wskaźników wielkości efektu, a także wskazanie potrzeby zastosowania i poprawnej ich prezentacji i interpretacji w raporcie analiz prac empirycznych z zakresu nauk społecznych. Biorąc pod uwagę ograniczenia podejścia statystycznej analizy danych opartej jedynie na poziomie istotności, w opracowaniu zaprezentowano możliwości umieszczania w analizach danych wskaźnika o większym praktycznym zastosowaniu, jakim jest wielkość efektu. Wykorzystując najbardziej popularne metody analityczne, takie jak testy t Studenta, jednoczynnikowe analizy wariancji w schematach między- i wewnątrzgrupowych, a także analizy testem Wilcoxona, U Manna-Whitneya, H Kruskala-Wallisa, testem Friedmana oraz uwzględniając analizy dla danych jakościowych, zaprezentowano dobrane do planów badawczych wskaźniki wielkości efektu. Ponadto opisano wykorzystanie, sposób obliczania oraz interpretację wybranych wskaźników wielkości efektu, jakimi są wskaźniki: d Cohena, g Hedgesa, delta, rg Glassa, korelacja par dopasowanych rc, eta-kwadrat, omega-kwadrat oraz epsilon-kwadrat, W Kendalla oraz fi, V Cramera czy iloraz szans i ryzyko względne. Prezentację wskaźników wielkości efektu zestawiono z odpowiadającymi im planami badawczymi i rodzajem zebranych danych
Beyond False Positives and Negatives. Understanding Type III and IV Errors in Social Research
Get PDFResearch methodologies that correlate acquired measurement data with critical values defining the null hypothesis, despite their widespread application, remain susceptible to various inference inaccuracies. The decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis can result in type I or type II errors, which can undermine the validity of conclusions. A comprehensive understanding of these errors is crucial for ensuring the accuracy of inferences drawn in social research. Proper definition and control of variables are essential in minimizing the risk of incorrect conclusions. Moreover, examining the broader research context, beyond just statistical probabilities, reveals the potential for additional logical errors (Kimball, 1957). These errors, classified as type III and type IV, have been examined in prior research (Scanlon et al., 1977).
This paper seeks to provide an overview of these error types and their definitions. The study identifies several causes of these errors in the conducted analysis, including the selection of statistical methods, the choice of testing area (type III errors), and the neglect of violated assumptions or misinterpretation of interaction effects (type IV errors). The underlying causes of these errors are traced to the research methodology itself, such as improper operationalization, incomplete knowledge of the process under study (type III), and failure to account for study limitations (type IV). In addition, this paper proposes strategies to minimize the occurrence of type III and type IV errors, emphasizing their potential impact and providing recommendations to mitigate these risks
Fenomen resilience u młodzieży zagrożonej niedostosowaniem społecznym a aktywne uczestnictwo w procesie arteterapii w dobie XXI w. – na przykładzie projektu szkolnej telewizji
Get PDFThe article concerns a form of art therapy, which has found its application in work with young people at risk of social maladjustment. Putting the considerations into the concept of resilience made it possible to capture and characterize traits in youth participating in film therapy from youth not interested in participating in therapeutic classes. The research was conducted in the quantitative paradigm using the diagnostic survey method and the questionnaire technique. The Questionnaire on Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Attitudes and those Towards the World has been applied. The research was based on two questions. The first of them referred to the existence of differences in the intensity of relations with the world, oneself and other people between pupils undertaking and not taking up activity in film art therapy classes. The second research question concerned the existing intercorrelations in the areas of relations with the world, with oneself and other people in groups of charges undertaking and not undertaking activities in art therapy classes. The obtained results indicate a greater sense of resourcefulness in life, satisfactory social functioning and a higher level of physical attractiveness. The aggression noted in the research did not negatively translate into participation in the therapy.Artykuł dotyczy formy arteterapii, która jest stosowana w pracy z młodzieżą zagrożoną niedostosowaniem społecznym. Umieszczenie rozważań w koncepcji rezyliencji umożliwiło wychwycenie i scharakteryzowanie wychowanków zainteresowanych udziałem w filmoterapii od wychowanków niezainteresowanych uczestnictwem w zajęciach terapeutycznych. Badania przeprowadzono w paradygmacie ilościowym metodą sondażu diagnostycznego i techniką ankiety. Mając na uwadze obraną metodologię badań użyto Kwestionariusz Nastawień Intrapersonalnych, Interpersonalnych i Nastawień wobec Świata. W oparciu o wykorzystane do badań narzędzie sformułowano dwa pytania badawcze. Pierwsze z nich odnosiło się do istnienia różnic w nasileniu relacji ze światem, samym sobą i innymi ludźmi między wychowankami podejmującymi i niepodejmującymi aktywności w zajęciach z arteterapii filmowej. Drugie pytanie badawcze dotyczyło istniejących interkorelacji w obszarach relacji ze światem, samym sobą i innymi ludźmi w grupach wychowanków podejmujących i niepodejmujących aktywności w zajęciach z arteterapii. Otrzymane rezultaty wskazują na większe poczucie zaradności życiowej, satysfakcjonujące funkcjonowanie społeczne i wyższy poziom atrakcyjności fizycznej. Odnotowana w badaniach agresja nie przekładała się w sposób negatywny na uczestnictwo w terapii
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
