41 research outputs found
The beauty of Unity-in-Variety: Studies on the multisensory aesthetic appreciation of product designs
No full textThis thesis embarks from the idea that aesthetic appreciation of product designs is determined by simultaneously perceiving the two partially opposing dimensions of unity and variety. People actively avoid boredom by searching for variety because it challenges the senses and offers the potential of learning new information. Hence, people browse through thick catalogues, are attracted to colourful bouquets and let their eyes and hands explore a novel car interior. In doing so, these products offer stimulation to the senses. However, too much variety leads to confusion, as people fail to make sense of what they perceive. It is therefore that they appreciate perceiving unity at the same time, as it brings structure to variety; items in a catalogue are precisely ordered, flowers are neatly arranged and components of a car interior are carefully picked and organized. The above idea is captured in an age-old aesthetic principle, aptly named Unity-in-Variety (UiV). The principle states that perceiving a balance between the opposing forces of unity and variety is aesthetically preferred. While this principle has been argued to explain aesthetic appreciation for works of art, music and landscapes, little empirical research existed on this principle and, to our knowledge, none for product designs. By performing twelve studies and multiple pilot studies, mostly quantitative in nature, we empirically investigated the principle of UiV to determine whether it can explain how and why we aesthetically appreciate perceiving product designs by vision and touch. To demonstrate how unity and variety relate to each other and to aesthetic appreciation, we first separately researched the visual and tactile modality using a range of products readily found on the market. We continued with experimental investigations of the principle by systematically manipulating unity and variety in product designs through various design factors (e.g. the Gestalt laws of symmetry and similarity). For the visual modality, these manipulations were performed in newly designed sets of webpages. For the tactile modality, we designed and produced 3-D printed models of car key remotes to systematically manipulate materials and shapes. The investigations within vision and touch were followed by a study combining both senses to assess how unity and variety relate to visual-tactile aesthetic appreciation, and an additional study exploring how unity and variety may interact across the senses. Furthermore, to build a broader understanding of what influences our appreciation for unity and variety, we investigated individual differences in motivational drives and design expertise. Lastly, we explored the possibility of extending the principle’s applicability from individual products to product-service systems.Our main finding is that unity and variety, despite being negatively correlated, positively influence aesthetic appreciation of product designs. As a result of their partial opposition, there is a trade-off between unity and variety leading to a balance where aesthetic appreciation is highest. Additionally, we found that unity is the dominant factor of the two; its influence is on average twice the size of variety, and its presence is a condition for an appreciation of variety. These results were obtained with a range of products from different product categories and replicated in the visual, tactile and visual-tactile product experience.Having demonstrated how unity and variety together determine aesthetic appreciation, we investigated how several factors underlie the degree of unity and variety and their respective appreciation. Several commonly used design factors were experimentally shown to influence unity and variety in vision (through symmetry, contrast, similarity and colourfulness), and in touch (through continuity, emergence and similarity). Besides these design factors, we identified how individual differences in motivational drives and expertise can influence the preferred balance between unity and variety. Individuals with safety needs preferred visual or tactile unity to individuals with accomplishment needs. As a result, the preferred balance between unity and variety shifts towards unity for safety seekers. A similar shift towards a preference for unity occurred for (design) experts. Experts rate the same products differently on unity and variety compared to laymen, possibly as a result of their explicit and implicit training in applying unifying design factors. Yet, they also appreciate an optimum balance between unity and variety and the principle therefore equally holds for design experts.The combined results of our studies demonstrate that the UiV principle can consistently explain visual, tactile and visual-tactile aesthetic appreciation for product designs. It does so by showing that aesthetic appreciation is highest when the two partially opposing dimensions of unity and variety are increased until they arrive at an optimum balance. We furthermore demonstrated how various design factors and individual differences underlie this preferred unity and variety balance. In doing so, the principle offers a holistic understanding of how the smallest perceptual properties of a design are combined to form the unified experience of the product and its aesthetic appreciation. The knowledge generated through our research contributes to current theories and models of aesthetic appreciation by explaining how and why people find aesthetic pleasure in perceiving product designs. Furthermore, UiV is possibly the first principle to account for tactile aesthetic appreciation, as we illustrated how the Gestalt laws play an important role in creating tactile unity within the variety of shapes and materials of a physical product. Next to this, our methodological approach demonstrates how novel 3-D printing technologies can aid in accurately studying realistic stimuli. Lastly, the results from our research can act as a guideline for designers and provides a promising basis for researching the principle in other modalities (such as auditory and gustatory), as well as for other domains (such as for product-service systems, architecture and the arts).<br/
Aesthetic appreciation of tactile unity-in-variety in product designs
No full textThe principle of unity-in-variety has recently been shown to affect visual aesthetic appreciation of product designs. We investigated whether this principle can also account for tactile aesthetic appreciation of products. Design students rated nine car keys on unity, variety and aesthetic appreciation through tactile exploration only. Results revealed that unity and variety, while negatively correlated with each other, both positively influence aesthetic appreciation. This implies that there is an optimal balance between tactile unity and variety that is aesthetically preferred. These results replicate results found in the visual domain and provide evidence for unity-in-variety as a multisensory aesthetic design principle.Design EngineeringIndustrial Design Engineerin
The influence of unity-in-variety on aesthetic appreciation of car interiors
No full textProduct designers can use a wide range of design principles to influence the appearance of new product designs. One of these principles, ‘unity-in-variety’, states that product designs combining a maximum of unity or order with as much variety as possible are the most aesthetically pleasing. Even though designers are thought to intuitively use the principle of unity-in-variety during the design process, it has never been empirically assessed whether they, similar to lay-men, also positively appreciate product designs that adhere to this principle. We show that for automotive design students both unity and variety can simultaneously and independently positively influence aesthetic appreciation of car interior designs. Furthermore, automotive design students attribute much more of the aesthetic appreciation of car interiors to unity, than they do to variety. We suggest that this difference arises because they are trained to attach more weight to the unifying aspects of a car interior design.Industrial DesignIndustrial Design Engineerin
Unity in Variety in website aesthetics: A systematic inquiry
No full textThis research experimentally investigates whether Unity-in- Variety can account for the aesthetic appreciation of websites. In a first study we designed two sets of web pages, differing in layout style and content, to systematically and independently vary on both unity and variety via the design factors contrast and symmetry (for unity) and dissimilarity of elements and colourfulness (for variety). It was demonstrated that only the sets based on symmetry and colourfulness resulted in independent manipulations of unity and variety, respectively. These two sets of web pages were tested in Study 2 showing that, as predicted, both unity and variety independently and positively influence aesthetic appreciation. Following the principle of Unity-in-Variety, simultaneously maximizing unity and variety leads to an optimal balance where aesthetic appreciation is highest. Our research lends further support to the principle of Unity-in-Variety, extends it to the domain of HCI, and provides directions on how to purposefully design for an optimal balance between unity and variety.Accepted Author ManuscriptDesign Aesthetic
The beauty in product-service systems
No full textAesthetic appreciation affects the success of products in a number of areas, such as user satisfaction and usability. Hence, designers apply aesthetic principles to create more successful products. However, it is still unclear how such principles apply to the services and systems that products are often part of. In this paper, we explore how two aesthetic principles, which are known to influence product aesthetics, can be extended to product-service systems. These principles are Unity-in-Variety and Maximum-Effect-for-Minimum-Means. According to the former principle, aesthetic pleasure can be attained from perceiving as much variety as possible within a unified whole; according to the latter, it can be attained from perceiving efficiency. With the qualitative study here presented, we showed how the principles could also describe product-service systems in terms of their sensory properties, underlying mechanism and human interaction. We thereby offer a basis to further investigate and enhance the aesthetics of product-service systems.Industrial DesignIndustrial Design Engineerin
Design tools for the virtual wind tunnel: Setting up the geometry for CFD calculations
No full textMomenteel kan de windbelasting op gebouwen op twee manieren worden bepaald: met behulp van de norm (NEN 6702, Eurocode) of door middel van windtunnelproeven. De norm is echter alleen bruikbaar voor eenvoudige vormen; complexe gebouwvormen vereisen windtunnelonderzoek. Dit onderzoek is echter erg duur en zeer tijdrovend, waardoor het nauwelijks gebruikt wordt in het vroege ontwerpproces. Toch is het juist deze fase waarin belangrijke ontwerpbeslissingen worden genomen en meer inzicht in de effecten als gevolg van wind is dan ook wenselijk. Numerieke methoden zijn geïntroduceerd om de windeffecten te bepalen middels Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In recent afstudeeronderzoek aan het Structural Design Lab is een Virtuele Windtunnel voorgesteld waarmee constructieve ingenieurs de windbelasting in een vroeg stadium van het ontwerpproces kunnen bepalen door gebruik te maken van CFD. Dit onderzoek heeft geleid tot een algemene aanpak voor het uitvoeren van CFD berekeningen en een domein waarin de berekeningen kunnen worden uitgevoerd. Het zogenoemde Van Nalta domein geeft veelbelovende resultaten voor eenvoudige vormen, zoals kubussen en cilinders. De eisen aan de geometrie voor CFD berekeningen zijn echter zeer hoog en het genereren van bruikbare modellen van met name complexe gebouwvormen blijkt zeer lastig. Tijdens dit afstudeeronderzoek zijn verschillende ontwerptools ontwikkeld waarmee de geometrie voor CFD berekeningen kan worden gegenereerd. Met deze toolbox kan de windbelasting op een gebouw of constructie worden bepaald en verschillende ontwerpen worden vergeleken in een relatief korte tijd zonder veel tussenkomst van de gebruiker. Optimalisatie van vorm en constructie wordt hiermee mogelijk. Om de windbelasting te bepalen op een gebouw dat is geplaatst in een bebouwde omgeving, is een ontwerptool ontwikkeld waarmee een 3D model van de omgeving kan worden gecreëerd, gebruik makend van GIS technologie. Een andere tool is ontwikkeld waarmee het centrale gebouw-model kan worden vereenvoudigd door het verwijderen van niet-relevante elementen en kleine details. De rekentijd van de CFD software kan hiermee aanzienlijk worden verkort. Omdat de afmetingen van het domein waarin de berekeningen worden uitgevoerd afhangen van de dimensies van het onderzoeksgebied, is een laatste tool ontwikkeld waarmee het domein kan worden gegenereerd, afhankelijk van de afmetingen van het onderzoeksgebied. Er is geconcludeerd dat de ontwerptools goed werken voor CFD toepassingen. In de meeste gevallen worden veelbelovende resultaten verkregen en de gegenereerde geometrie blijkt zeer goed bruikbaar voor CFD simulaties. Voor enkele test cases zijn berekeningen uitgevoerd in het Van Nalta domein. Het blijkt momenteel erg lastig om nauwkeurige resultaten te verkrijgen van de berekeningen, mede door de geringe capaciteit van de huidige computers. Echter, rekening houdend met de continue ontwikkeling van de computer hardware, is het de verwachting dat het in de nabije toekomst mogelijk zal zijn de windeffecten op complexe gebouwmodellen, die zijn geplaatst in een bebouwde omgeving, nauwkeurig te voorspellen.Design and ConstructionCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Impact Of Seedling Removal On Regenerating Community Structure Of A Seasonal Semideciduous Forest [impacto Da Remoção De Plântulas Sobre A Estrutura Da Comunidade Regenerante De Floresta Estacional Semidecidual]
No full textTransplanting seedlings and saplings from natural forests has been considered an alternative to producing saplings of native species for forest restoration purposes, but the possible impact of this procedure on plant community regeneration has not been investigated. This work evaluates the impact of different treatments of shrub and tree-seedling (up to 30 cm) removal from a seasonal semideciduous forest fragment located in southeastern Brazil on the natural regeneration process. Eighty 2×2 m plots were installed in two habitats (forest edge and interior) and submitted to four seedling-removal treatments (I, II - 100% removal with or without soil mixing; III - 50% removal without soil mixing; and IV - control treatment without seedling removal). Regeneration density and richness were evaluated before treatment as well as 6, 12 and 18 months later. The results were compared among treatments for each evaluation period and among periods within treatments. There were similarities between edge and interior. The natural regeneration process did not improve with soil mixing. Plots submitted to seedling removal partially recovered plant density; however, these plots had lower species richness when compared to the control and to the initial values before treatment. Seedling removal has a negative impact on the regeneration process of low-density species, thus the use of natural regeneration as a sapling source for forest restoration purposes should focus only on highdensity species with well-known regeneration strategies and not on the community as a whole.22410151026Auer, C.G., Graça, M.C.E., Método de produção de mudas de canela-sassafrás a partir de mudas de regeneração natural (1995) Boletim de Pesquisas Floreslais, 30-31, pp. 75-77Barbosa, L.M., Barbosa, J.M., Barbosa, K.C., Potomati, A., Martins, S.E., Asperti, L.M., Melo, A.C.G., Plaza, A.P., Recuperação florestal com espécies nativas no Estado de São Paulo: Pesquisas apontam mudanças neeessãrias (2003) Florestar Estatístico, 6, pp. 28-34Box, G.E.P., Hunter, W.G., Hunter, J.S., (1978) Statistics for experimenters: An introduction to design, data analysis, and model building, , New York, John Wiley & Sons, JncCampos, H., (1983) Estatística experimental nao-paramétrica, , Piracicaba, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de QueirozCarrno, M.R.B., Morellato, E.G.P., Fenologia de árvores e arbustos das matas ciliares da bacia do rio Tibagi, Estado do Paraná, Brasil (2004) Matas ciliares: Conservação e recuperação, pp. 125-141. , Pp, R.R. Rodrigues & H.F. Leilão Filho eds, São Paulo, Edusp/FapespClark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Seedling dynamics of a tropical tree: Impacts of herbivory and meristem damage (1985) Ecology, 66, pp. 1884-1892De Steven, D., Tropical tree seedling dynamics: Recruitment patterns and their population consequences for three canopy species in Panama (1994) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 10, pp. 385-398Denslow, J.S., The effect of understory palms and eyclanths on the growth and survival of Inga seedlings (1991) Biotropica, 23, pp. 225-234Di Bitetti, M.S., Placci, G., Dietz, L.A., (2003) Uma visão de biodiversidade para a ecorregião Florestas do Alto Paraná - bioma Mata Atlántica: Planejando a paisagem de conservação da biodiversidadc e estabclecendo prioridades para açõs de conservação, , Washington, World Wildlife FundDinerstein, E., Olson, D.M., Graham, D., Webster, A., Primm, S., Bookbinder, M., Ledec, G., (1995) A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean, , Washington, The World Bank in association with The World Wildlife FundDjers, G., Hadengganan, S., Kuusipalo, J., Otsamo, A., Vesa, L., Production of planting stock from wildings of four Shorea species (1998) New Forests, 16, pp. 185-197Fonseca, C.E.L.Ribeiro, J.F.Souza, C.C.Rezende, R.P. & Balbino, V.K. 2001. Recuperação da vegetação de matas de galeria: estudos de caso no Distrito Federal e entorno. Pp. 815-870. In: J.F. RibeiroC.E.L. Fonseca & J.C. Souza e Silva (eds.). Caracterizaç ão e recuperação de matas de galeria. Planaltina, Embrapa-CPACGrombone-Guaratini, M.T., Rodrigues, R.R., Seed bank and seed rain in a seasonal semi-deciduous forest in south-eastern Brazil (2002) Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, pp. 759-774Hubbell, S.P., Foster, R.B., O'Brien, S.T., Harms, K.E., Condit, B., Weschsler, B., Wright, S.J., Loo De Lao, S., Light-gap disturbance, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a Neotropical (1999) Forest. Science, 283, pp. 554-557Kwit, C., Piatt, W.J., Slater, H.H., Post hurricane regeneration of pioneer plant species in south Florida subtropical hardwood hammocks (2000) Biotropica, 32, pp. 244-251Laurance, W.F., Ferreira, L.V., Rankin-De Merona, J.M., Laurance, S.G., Hutchings, R.W., Lovejoy, T.E., Effects of forest fragmentation on recruitment patterns in Amazonian tree communities (1998) Conservation Biology, 12, pp. 460-464Laurance, W.F., Lovejoy, T.E., Vasconcelos, H.L., Bruna, E.M., Didham, R.K., Philip, C.S., Gascon, C., Sampaio, E., Ecosystem Decay of Amazonian Forest Fragments: A 22-Year Investigation (2002) Conservation Biology, 16, pp. 605-618Lieberman, D., Demography of tropical tree seedlings: A review (1996) The ecology of, pp. 131-138. , Pp, M.D. Swaine ed, Paris, UNESCO and Parthenon Publishing GroupMelo, F.P.L., Aguiar Neto, A.V., Simabukura, E.A., Tabarelli, M., Recrutamento e estabelecimento de plântulas (2004) Germina-ção do básico ao aplicado, pp. 237-250. , Pp, A.G. Eerreira & F. Borghetti eds, Porto Alegre, ArtmedMorellato, L.C.P., As estações do ano na floresta (1995) Ecologia e preservação de uma floresta tropical urbana - reserva Santa Genebra, pp. 37-41. , Pp, L.C.P. Morellato & H.F. Leilão Filho eds, Campinas, Editora da UnicampMurcia, C., Edges effects in fragmented forest: Implications for conservation (1995) Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, pp. 58-62Nemer, T.G., Jardim, F.C.S., Serrão, D.R., Sobrevivência de mudas da regeneração natural de espécies arbóreas trés meses após o plantio em clareiras de diferentes tamanhos, Moju-PA. (2002) Revista Árvore, 26, pp. 217-221Nunez-Farfan, J., Dirzo, R., Within-gap spatial heterogeneity and seedling performance in a Mexican tropical forest (1988) Oikos, 51, pp. 274-284Oliveira, L.M., Davide, A.C., Carvalho, M.L.M., Avaliação de métodos para quebra da dormência e para a desinfestação de sementes de canafístula (Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert. (2003) Revista Árvore, 27, pp. 597-603Oliveira, R.J., Mantovani, W., Melo, M.M.R.F., Estrutura do componente arbustivo-arbóreo da floresta atlântica de encosta, Peruíbe, SP (2001) Acta Botanica Brasilica, 15, pp. 391-412Pimentel-Gomes, F., Garcia, C.R., (2002) Eslatística aplicada a experimentos agronómicos e florestais: Exposição com exemplos e orientações para uso de aplicativos, , Piracicaba. FEALQPutz, F.E., Treefall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (1983) Ecology, 64, pp. 1069-1074Rozza, A.F., Farah, F.T., Rodrigues, R.R., Ecological management of degraded forest fragments (2007) High Diversity Forest Restoration in Degraded Areas: Methods and Projects in Brazil, pp. 171-196. , Pp, R.R. RodriguesS.V. Martins & S. Gandolfi eds, New York, Nova Science PublishersSantarelli, E.G., Produção de mudas de espécies nativas (2004) Matas ciliares: Conservação e recuperação, pp. 313-318. , Pp, R.R. Rodrigues & H.F. Leitão Filho eds, São Paulo, EDUSP/FapespSantos, S.L., Válio, I.F.M., Litter accumulation and its effect on seedling recruitment in a Southeast Brazilian Tropical Forest (2002) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 25, pp. 89-92Schupp, E.W., Howe, H.F., Augspurger, C.K., Levey, D.J., Arrival and survival in tropical treefall gaps (1989) Ecology, 70, pp. 562-564(2007) Sistema de Informações para o Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Estado de Sáo Paulo, , http://www.sigrh.sp.gov.br/cgi-bin/sigrh-jndex.exe, SIGRH, Disponível em, Acesso em:28/12/2007Silva, C.V., Bilia, D.A.C., Maluf, A.M., Barbedo, C.J., Fracionamento e germinação de sementes de uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. - Myrtaceae). (2003) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 26, pp. 213-221Souza, F.M., Batista, J.F.L., Restoration of seasonal semideciduous forests in Brazil: Influence of age and restoration design on forest structure (2004) Forest Ecology and Management, 191, pp. 185-200Swaine, M.D., Whitmore, T.C., On the definition of ecological groups in tropical rain forests (1988) Vegetatio, 75, pp. 81-86Vázques-Yanes, C., Orozco-Segovia, A., Patterns of seed longevity and germination in the tropical rainforest (1993) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24, pp. 69-87Veloso, H.P., (1992) Manual técnico da vegetação brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro, IBGE, Departamento de Recursos Naturais e Estudos AmbientaisViani, R.A.G., Nave, A.G., Rodrigues, R.R., Transference of seedlings and aloctone young individuals as ecological restoration methodology (2007) High diversity forest restoration in degraded areas: Methods and projects in Brazil, pp. 145-170. , Pp, R.R. RodriguesS.V. Martins & S. Gandolfi eds, New York, Nova Science PublishersViani, R.A.G., Rodrigues, R.R., Sobrevivencia em viveiro de mudas de espécies nativas retiradas da rcgeneração natural de remanescente florestal. (2007) Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 42, pp. 1067-1075Whitmore, T.C., Canopy gaps and the two major groups of forest trees (1989) Ecology, 70, pp. 536-538Zamith. L.R. & Scarano. F.R. 2004. Produção de mudas de espécies das Restingas do município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 18:161-17
Does perceptual learning require consciousness or attention?
No full textIt has been proposed that visual attention and consciousness are separate [Koch, C., & Tsuchiya, N. Attention and consciousness:Two distinct brain processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 16-22, 2007] and possibly even orthogonal processes [Lamme, V. A. F. Why visual attention and awareness are different. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 12-18, 2003]. Attention and consciousness converge when conscious visual percepts are attended and hence become available for conscious report. In such a view, a lack of reportability can have two causes: the absence of attention or the absence of a conscious percept. This raises an important question in the field of perceptual learning. It is known that learning can occur in the absence of reportability [Gutnisky, D. A., Hansen, B. J., Iliescu, B. F., & Dragoi, V. Attention alters visual plasticity during exposure-based learning.Current Biology, 19, 555-560, 2009; Seitz, A. R., Kim, D., & Watanabe, T. Rewards evoke learning of unconsciously processed visual stimuli in adult humans. Neuron, 61, 700-707, 2009; Seitz, A. R., & Watanabe, T. Is subliminal learning really passive? Nature, 422, 36, 2003; Watanabe, T., Náñez, J. E., & Sasaki, Y. Perceptual learning without perception. Nature, 413, 844-848, 2001], but it is unclear which of the two ingredients—consciousness or attention—is not necessary for learning. We presented textured figure-ground stimuli and manipulated reportability either by masking (which only interferes with consciousness) or with an inattention paradigm (which only interferes with attention). During the second session (24 hr later), learning was assessed neurally and behaviorally, via differences in figure-ground ERPs and via a detection task. Behavioral and neural learning effects were found for stimuli presented in the inattention paradigm and not for masked stimuli. Interestingly, the behavioral learning effect only became apparent when performance feedback was given on the task to measure learning, suggesting that the memory trace that is formed during inattention is latent until accessed. The results suggest that learning requires consciousness, and not attention, and further strengthen the idea that consciousness is separate from attention
Riboregulation in <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>
No full textNeisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) is primarily a commensal of the human oropharynx that sporadically causes septicemia and meningitis. Meningococci adapt to diverse local host conditions that differ in nutrient supply such as the nasopharynx, blood and cerebrospinal fluid by changing metabolism and protein repertoire. Post-transcriptional riboregulation by small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are increasingly recognized to play a vital role in these metabolic adaptations.In this thesis, we first investigated the regulon of the alternative sigma factor E by employing next-generation sequencing of both the genome and the transcriptome of N. meningitidis wildtype and an overexpression mutant. Its small regulatory repertoire compared to E. coli and its lack of regulating proteins involved in the outer membrane stress response is a prime example of divergent evolution of superficially similar regulatory systems in these two gram-negative bacteria. Second, the chaperon protein Hfq and its role in riboregulation by facilitating RNA-RNA interactions between a sRNA and its mRNA target(s) was investigated by studying its regulatory proteome in depth. Finally, the regulatory roles of two sRNAs, NmsRs and NrrF are described; showing their extensive involvement in the related cell biological processes of carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation by simultaneously downregulating multiple enzymes involved in these pathways.In conclusion, small RNAs like the NmsRs and NrrF can be transcribed quickly, have a relatively low biological cost and can act immediately on an already existing cellular pool of mRNA targets. These factors make them ideally suited to enable the meningococcus to respond to changes in the environment
A proof-theoretic analysis of the classical propositional matrix method
No full textThe matrix method, due to Bibel and Andrews, is a proof procedure designed for automated theorem-proving. We show that underlying this method is a fully structured combinatorial model of conventional classical proof theory. © 2012 The Author, 2012. Published by Oxford University Press
