2,237 research outputs found
Collectivity, distributivity, and the interpretation of numerical expressions in child and adult language
No full textSentences containing plural numerical expressions (e.g., two boys) can give rise to two interpretations (collective and distributive), arising from the fact that their representation admits of a part-whole structure. We present the results of a series of experiments designed to explore children’s understanding of this distinction and its implications for the acquisition of linguistic expressions with number words. We show that preschoolers access both interpretations, indicating that they have the requisite linguistic and conceptual machinery to generate the corresponding representations. Furthermore, they can shift their interpretation in response to structural and lexical manipulations. However, they are not fully adult-like: unlike adults, they are drawn to the distributive interpretation, and are not yet fully aware of the lexical semantics of each and together, which should favor one or another interpretation. This research bridges a gap between a well-established body of work in cognitive psychology on the acquisition of number words and more recent work investigating children’s knowledge of the syntactic and semantic properties of sentences featuring numerical expressions.Peer reviewe
Entretiens avec Julien Gaillard
No full textEntretiens avec Julien Gaillard, locuteur du patois de Valjouffrey, en vue d'explicitation de vocabulaire, syntaxe et prononciation
Éric Bournazel et Jean-Pierre Poly (dir.) Les féodalités
No full textDemade Julien. Éric Bournazel et Jean-Pierre Poly (dir.) Les féodalités . In: Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 57ᵉ année, N. 5, 2002. pp. 1209-1212
Copolymérisation radicalaire réticulante contrôlée : application à la synthèse de nanogels en présence de xanthates et modélisation
No full textLes nanogels sont des macromolécules ramifiées solubles possédant une structure en réseau et de dimensions inférieures à 100 nm. La méthodologie récente de la copolymérisation radicalaire réticulante contrôlée permet d'accéder à de telles architectures polymères tout en contrôlant finement leur structure interne. Nous présentons dans ce travail: (i) l'étude préalable de systèmes modèles, permettant de dégager les conditions nécessaires à la synthèse de nanogels; (ii) l'application à la synthèse de nanogels hydrophiles valorisables de poly(alcool vinylique) et de poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone); (iii) une modélisation cinétique permettant de rendre compte des tendances observées expérimentalement et de prévoir les grandeurs caractéristiques de produits synthétisés par cette méthodologie.Abstrac
Copolymérisation radicalaire réticulante contrôlée : application à la synthèse de nanogels en présence de xanthates et modélisation
No full textLes nanogels sont des macromolécules ramifiées solubles possédant une structure en réseau et de dimensions inférieures à 100 nm. La méthodologie récente de la copolymérisation radicalaire réticulante contrôlée permet d'accéder à de telles architectures polymères tout en contrôlant finement leur structure interne. Nous présentons dans ce travail: (i) l'étude préalable de systèmes modèles, permettant de dégager les conditions nécessaires à la synthèse de nanogels; (ii) l'application à la synthèse de nanogels hydrophiles valorisables de poly(alcool vinylique) et de poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone); (iii) une modélisation cinétique permettant de rendre compte des tendances observées expérimentalement et de prévoir les grandeurs caractéristiques de produits synthétisés par cette méthodologie.Abstrac
All together now: disentangling semantics and pragmatics with together in child and adult language
No full textThe way in which an event is packaged linguistically can be informative about the number of participants in the event and the nature of their participation. At times, however, a sentence is ambiguous, and pragmatic information weighs in to favor one interpretation over another. Whereas adults may readily know how to pick up on such cues to meaning, children – who are generally naïve to such pragmatic nuances – may diverge and access a broader range of interpretations, or one disfavored by adults. A number of cases come to us from a now well established body of research on scalar implicatures and scopal ambiguity. Here, we complement this previous work with a previously uninvestigated example of the semantic-pragmatic divide in language development arising from the interpretation of sentences with pluralities and together. Sentences such as Two boys lifted a block (together) allow for either a Collective or a Distributive interpretation (one pushing event vs. two spatio temporally coordinated events). We show experimentally that children allow both interpretations in sentences with together, whereas adults rule out the Distributive interpretation without further contextual motivation. However, children appear to be guided by their semantics in the readings they access, since they do not allow readings that are semantically barred. We argue that they are unaware of the pragmatic information adults have at their fingertips, such as the conversational implicatures arising from the presence of a modifier, the probability of its occurrence being used to signal a particular interpretation among a set of alternatives, and knowledge of the possible lexical alternatives.This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Language Acquisition on 02 July 2015, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10489223.2015.1067319.Peer reviewe
Controlled synthesis of branched poly(vinyl acetate)s by xanthate-mediated RAFT self-condensing vinyl (co)polymerization
No full textInternational audienceAn original xanthate possessing a vinyl ester polymerizable function, namely vinyl 2[( ethoxycarbonothioyl) sulfanyl] propanoate (Xa2), was synthesized. It was implemented as a chain transfer agent (CTA) to design branched polymers based on vinyl acetate (VAc) by self-condensing vinyl copolymerization (SCVC) by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). The branching density as well as the length of the branches were efficiently tuned by adjusting the total initial concentration of polymerizable functions C-0 = [VAc](0) + [Xa2](0) and the ratio C-0/[Xa2](0). Additionally, Xa2 was also homopolymerized to provide hyperbranched oligomers. These precursors were used as multifunctional CTAs to control a subsequent polymerization of VAc, affording starlike poly(vinyl acetate)s (PVAcs). All the products were characterized by H-1 NMR spectroscopy, quadruple detection size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. Reference samples consisted of linear PVAcs which were synthesized using a homologue non-polymerizable xanthate. As expected, the intrinsic viscosity and the glass transition temperature increased when either the number of branches or their length increased
Copolymérisation radicalaire réticulante contrôlée (application à la synthèse de nanogels en présence de xanthates et modélisation)
No full textLes nanogels sont des macromolécules ramifiées solubles possédant une structure en réseau et de dimensions inférieures à 100 nm. La méthodologie récente de la copolymérisation radicalaire réticulante contrôlée permet d'accéder à de telles architectures polymères tout en contrôlant finement leur structure interne. Nous présentons dans ce travail: (i) l'étude préalable de systèmes modèles, permettant de dégager les conditions nécessaires à la synthèse de nanogels; (ii) l'application à la synthèse de nanogels hydrophiles valorisables de poly(alcool vinylique) et de poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone); (iii) une modélisation cinétique permettant de rendre compte des tendances observées expérimentalement et de prévoir les grandeurs caractéristiques de produits synthétisés par cette méthodologie.AbstractBORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF
Synthesis of Poly(vinyl acetate) Nanogels by Xanthate-Mediated Radical Crosslinking Copolymerization
No full textPoly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) nanogels are synthesized by a radical crosslinking copolymerization (RCC) in solution of vinyl acetate and divinyl adipate (DVA) or 2,4,6-tris(allyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TAT) as the crosslinker, in the presence of a xanthate as a reversible chain transfer agent. Higher concentrations of crosslinker and lower concentrations of xanthate produce PVAc nanogels of higher molar masses, for a given concentration of xanthate and for a fixed concentration of crosslinker, respectively. The xanthate end-groups allow for the synthesis of 'second generation' nonogels through a subsequent RCC from precursors. The chemical cleavage of the crosslinks yields individual poly(vinyl alcohol) chains, which attests that the length of the constitutive chains is controlled by the xanthate
Which account of wh-/quantifier interaction should everyone adopt? A new take on a classic developmental puzzle
No full textQuantifiers are expressions that denote number and quantity. When quantifiers interact with each other or with other logical expressions in a sentence, the resulting interpretation may be ambiguous. In this paper, we focus on young chilren’s understanding of the interaction of the universal quantifiers every and each with wh-expressions (who, which) in questionsPeer reviewe
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