1,721,008 research outputs found
Proportion, order and construction. Viollet-le-Duc and the temples in Paestum
Full text linkThe archaeological area of Paestum is one of the most complex testimonies of Magna Graecia. Since its “rediscovery” in the mid-18th century, it has represented a paradigm for the knowledge on ancient architecture. The Doric temples of the site – recognized as archetypal constructive models – have been the object of numerous studies, surveys, iconographic representations and scientific publications. Many architects, painters, engravers, archaeologists and scholars have investigated the structures of the ancient city. Viollet-le-Duc was among those who visited Paestum in 1836. Here, the French architect observed the architecture of the site, recognizing its inestimable value and, through the representation of the Temple of Neptune, was able to identify some issues on which he was to later reflect.
Taking into account these premises, the paper intends to present a brief report on the experiences of other French architects who studied the temples before Viollet-le-Duc, and of the artists who portrayed them, as well as the interventions of restoration conducted on the ancient structures up to 1836, in order to define a clear reference frame.
The essay also focuses on Viollet-le-Duc’s visit to the archaeological area and the influence this had on his intellectual growth, especially with respect to the comprehension of constructive principles of ancient architecture, which is a fundamental element for the interpretation of the medieval art of building
Iconografia e storiografia nel paesaggio archeologico di Paestum. Riflessi sul cantiere di restauro tra il XVIII e il XIX secolo
Full text linkL’area archeologica di Paestum costituisce uno dei più interessanti esempi di città di fondazione magno-greca nella quale è possibile leggere un millenario e complesso palinsesto di stratificazioni. Riscoperta soltanto idealmente, e non materialmente come nel caso delle città vesuviane, Paestum divenne l’oggetto di una grande messe di testimonianze iconografiche e storiografiche a partire dalla seconda metà del XVIII secolo.
Operando un confronto critico tra queste ultime, il contributo mira, da un lato, a definire l’entità dei valori riconosciuti nel patrimonio antico e il significato a esso attribuito, e, dall’altro, a comprendere quanto l’immagine derivante da tali interpretazioni abbia potuto influenzare l’operatività del restauro.
Paestum archaeological site represents one of the most interesting examples of cities of Magna Grecia in which it is possible to identify a millenary and complex palimpsest of stratifications. Rediscovered only ideally, and not materially as it happened in the vesuvian cities, Paestum became the object of a large amount of iconographic and historiographical testimonies, starting from the second half of the 18th century.
By operating a critical comparison between these documentations, the paper aims at defining the entity of the values recognized in the ancient heritage and the meaning ascribed to it, as well as, at comprehending how the image derived from these interpretations could have influenced the practice of restoration
A Cistercian Landscape to safeguard: the abbey of Santa Maria di Realvalle in Sarno plain
Full text linkCistercian Order's architecture gives an important example of the human ability to adapt to the natural components of the landscape and to take advantage from their use. Designed on a model of completely self-sufficient monastic and agricultural "towns", the Cistercian abbeys were built in sites chosen for their specific topographic characteristics, in the presence of wide flat areas, nearby forests and of watercourses. According to the Benedictine Rule, the Cistercians cultivated lands and breeded the cattle in order to ensure the livelihood of the monastery. The importance of these activities is testified by the particular spatial articulation of the abbeys which, in addition to the main complex, consisted of several rural structures –grange – used to manage the farm work. In order to provide for the constant need of water supply, both for the daily life as for the rural activities, the Cistercians were able to exploit of the proximity of the rivers by engaging in the control and distribution of the water. The knowledge demonstrated in the hydraulic field is testified by the realization of different kind of engineering works built to regularize or divert the rivers’ course and define alternative routes so as to bring water inside the monastery or near the grange.
Santa Maria di Realvalle Abbey in Scafati was built starting from 1273 and represents a rare example of a thirteenth-century Cistercian architecture in the southern Italy. Despite the several transformations carried out during centuries, it is still possible to identify both its spatial articulation as its environmental qualification. As in the other cases, it was built in correspondence of a fluvial landscape characterized by the presence of a mostly flat alluvial territory, the nearby Scafati forest, and the River Sarno, still navigable at that time.
Despite the high historical value and the high potential for a broader development of the Plain of Sarno, Realvalle Abbey is today in conditions of widespread degradation. Because of this, the paper aims at renovating the attention towards this monument so that its restoration could be, at the same time, an instrument of improvement of the fruition of the whole cultural landscape
Borghi storici, rovine, monumenti. Esperienze e prospettive di ricerca sui centri storici abbandonati in ambito italiano
Full text linkThe conservation of abandoned urban sites, increasingly widespread all over the Italian territory and mainly along the mountain slopes, represents a complex cultural challenge which includes cultural, psychological, economic, technical, as well as aesthetic and social issues. While the sudden or progressive abandonment has guaranteed, in some ways, the preservation of authentic material values, at the same time the possibility of exploiting the places again through the restoration of architecture and the improvement of conditions of accessibility is functional also for the protection of the built heritage and the intangible values that characterize it.Starting from this, the contribution focuses on a synoptic framework of interventions and strategies aimed at the redevelopment of partially or totally abandoned urban sites in Italy, concentrating attention on the goals of diverse choices for safeguarding historic heritage. The framework aims at defining an atlas of practices that, within the complex restorative approach, can provide useful cultural stimuli to calibrate interventions respecting the multiplicity of instances and values involved in historic heritage. Specific focus is, therefore, placed on the paradigmatic case of the abandoned village of Tocco Caudio near Benevento, the subject of a research program undertaken between 2012 and 2017 at the University of Naples Federico II, characterized by the construction of a “participatory” process of possible alternatives for intervention. Borghi storici, rovine, monumenti. Esperienze e prospettive di ricerca sui centri storici abbandonati in ambito italiano La conservazione di siti urbani in abbandono, sempre più diffusi sull’intero territorio italiano e principalmente lungo le pendici montuose, rappresenta una sfida culturale complessa nella quale rientrano istanze di ordine culturale, psicologico, economico, tecnico oltre che estetico e sociale. Se il repentino o progressivo abbandono delle architetture ha garantito, per certi versi, la conservazione della materia autentica e dei valori in essa contenuti, contestualmente la possibilità di fruire nuovamente dei luoghi, attraverso il restauro delle architetture e il miglioramento delle condizioni di accessibilità, diventa funzionale anche alla protezione del patrimonio costruito e dei valori immateriali che lo caratterizzano.A partire da ciò, il contributo intende mettere a fuoco un quadro sinottico di interventi e strategie tese alla riqualificazione di siti parzialmente o totalmente abbandonati in ambito italiano, concentrando l’attenzione sugli obiettivi che sostanziano le scelte per la salvaguardia del patrimonio costituito. Tale indagine mira alla definizione di un atlante di pratiche che, entro il complesso approccio restaurativo, possa fornire stimoli culturali utili a calibrare gli interventi nel rispetto della molteplicità delle istanze e dei valori coinvolti in tale patrimonio storico. Uno specifico focus è rivolto, quindi, al caso paradigmatico del borgo abbandonato di Tocco Caudio nel Beneventano, oggetto di un programma di ricerca condotto tra il 2012 e il 2017 nell’Università di Napoli Federico II e contraddistinto da un processo “partecipato” di costruzione delle possibili alternative di intervento.La conservazione di siti urbani in abbandono, sempre più diffusi sull’intero territorio italiano e principalmente lungo le pendici montuose, rappresenta una sfida culturale complessa nella quale rientrano istanze di ordine culturale, psicologico, economico, tecnico oltre che estetico e sociale. Se il repentino o progressivo abbandono delle architetture ha garantito, per certi versi, la conservazione della materia autentica e dei valori in essa contenuti, contestualmente la possibilità di fruire nuovamente dei luoghi, attraverso il restauro delle architetture e il miglioramento delle condizioni di accessibilità, diventa funzionale anche alla protezione del patrimonio costruito e dei valori immateriali che lo caratterizzano.A partire da ciò, il contributo intende mettere a fuoco un quadro sinottico di interventi e strategie tese alla riqualificazione di siti parzialmente o totalmente abbandonati in ambito italiano, concentrando l’attenzione sugli obiettivi che sostanziano le scelte per la salvaguardia del patrimonio costituito. Tale indagine mira alla definizione di un atlante di pratiche che, entro il complesso approccio restaurativo, possa fornire stimoli culturali utili a calibrare gli interventi nel rispetto della molteplicità delle istanze e dei valori coinvolti in tale patrimonio storico. Uno specifico focus è rivolto, quindi, al caso paradigmatico del borgo abbandonato di Tocco Caudio nel Beneventano, oggetto di un programma di ricerca condotto tra il 2012 e il 2017 nell’Università di Napoli Federico II e contraddistinto da un processo “partecipato” di costruzione delle possibili alternative di intervento. Small towns, ruins, monuments. Experiences and perspectives of research on abandoned historic centers in ItalyThe conservation of abandoned urban sites, increasingly widespread all over the Italian territory and mainly along the mountain slopes, represents a complex cultural challenge which includes cultural, psychological, economic, technical, as well as aesthetic and social issues. While the sudden or progressive abandonment has guaranteed, in some ways, the preservation of authentic material values, at the same time the possibility of exploiting the places again through the restoration of architecture and the improvement of conditions of accessibility is functional also for the protection of the built heritage and the intangible values that characterize it.Starting from this, the contribution focuses on a synoptic framework of interventions and strategies aimed at the redevelopment of partially or totally abandoned urban sites in Italy, concentrating attention on the goals of diverse choices for safeguarding historic heritage. The framework aims at defining an atlas of practices that, within the complex restorative approach, can provide useful cultural stimuli to calibrate interventions respecting the multiplicity of instances and values involved in historic heritage. Specific focus is, therefore, placed on the paradigmatic case of the abandoned village of Tocco Caudio near Benevento, the subject of a research program undertaken between 2012 and 2017 at the University of Naples Federico II, characterized by the construction of a “participatory” process of possible alternatives for intervention
A heritage to reveal and protect. Historical water-based paper mills and ironworks in Campania (Italy)
Full text link[EN] Within the rich heritage of vernacular architectures, hydraulic power works still exists in various parts of the Campania region in the South of Italy: paper mills and ironworks show aspects that require further investigation. Built according to the orographic features of the landscape and in relation to water use and supply, these structures need to be deepened in terms of understanding with respect to their building techniques, production technologies and principal vulnerabilities. Despite its relevance, in fact, the lack of knowledge about this water-related heritage in its material consistency, and the associated risk of loss for misuse or abandonment, needs to be addressed. Accordingly, this paper presents the first outcomes of a study about the evolution of ironworks and paper mills’ recurring assets, technologies and building techniques from the proto- to early industrial period; highlighting the historical adaptation skills to water and other local resources, as well as the vital connection of these historical factories to wider hydraulic systems in their territory. It is part of a broader applied research about water-related built heritage carried out at the University of Naples, in which educational activities and exchanges with local authorities have been combined. The paper offers new data on paper mills and ironworks construction history and their sustainable operation starting from the selection of relevant case studies in the regional context and through the crossing of direct field observations and indirect sources (e.g., bibliographical, iconographic, and archival), also to define a knowledge basis for future protection and preservation strategies.Pollone, S. (2022). A heritage to reveal and protect. Historical water-based paper mills and ironworks in Campania (Italy). En Proceedings HERITAGE 2022 - International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 181-188. https://doi.org/10.4995/HERITAGE2022.2022.15668OCS18118
Transformations and Permanences of landscape and architecture: the Minerva Tower of Punta Campanella in the Sorrento-Amalfi Peninsula
Full text linkThe Minerva Tower is placed on the Punta Campanella chalky promontory, which is the last offshoot of the Sorrentine Peninsula and theatre of suggestive archaeological and mythological memories. The strategic position, which marks a watershed between the northern and southern coasts – the Neapolitan and Salerno gulfs – the proximity to the Capri island, contributed, throughout the centuries, to the settlement of important architectures, such as the sanctuary dedicated to Athena and a roman domus, which makes the area a complex and rich palimpsest of material stratifications.
The Minerva Tower – that nowadays is the main landmark of the promontory – was built in 1334 in relation to the site of the ancient temple of Athena. After ten years from the construction it was already restored, but the complete transformation of the architecture took place in 1566, as a consequence of the strengthening plan of the southern coasts against the Saracen attacks, which was planned by the Spanish viceroy don Pedro de Toledo. The tower had a square plan – because of the needs of the artillery – and was made up of calcareous stones. It had three floors, four embrasures and in the viceroyal plan represented an important strongpoint, which had to acted as a block. The viceroyal settlement was transformed throughout the further centuries by keeping, nevertheless, the continuity of the use like a fortress.
The paper will deepen the knowledge of the tower – which is interpreted as a complex system of centuries-old stratifications and in its relations to the uses of the landscape through the centuries. Starting from the analysis of the transformations during the viceroyal period, the following changes – compared to the settlement of the XVI century – and the hidden traces of that period which are preserved until today will be highlighted
Interdisciplinary Research about Bourbon's Architectural Heritage: the Case-study of the Immacolatella in Naples
No full textKnowledge, Restoration and Preservation of Complex Cultural Landscapes between Tangible and Intangible Values. An in-progress Research in Sorrentine-Amalfi Peninsula
No full textAn interdisciplinary research program concerns the site of Crapolla, placed on the Southern side of the Sorrentine-Amalfi Peninsula and into the Punta Campanella Marine Protected Area. The peculiarity of this cultural landscape is due to the full symbiosis among nature, with its botanical and hydrogeological components, the archaeological findings and the different architectures therein. The deep inlet of Crapolla includes, in fact, buildings referring to an ancient use of the place as port and as site for collecting and preserving foods and fresh water, as a big hydraulic structure also testifies. In continuity with these latter, there are forms of architecture dating back to the Middle Ages, consisting of the so-called monazeni and of the ruins of a Benedictine abbey complex. Finally, the site is dominated by a tower dating to the second half of the 16th century, proof of the strategic importance that the inlet takes in the historical landscape of the peninsula during post-medieval centuries. What is today visible defines, in the symbiosis between nature and architecture, a very complex but also very "fragile" cultural landscape with reference to natural and human actions. The high level of decay and the risk of loss in the absence of maintenance have determined, since 2008, an innovative experience (Crapolla Lab) in which didactics in architectural and landscape restoration is carried on with a strict connection with research. Therefore, interdisciplinary studies have examined several issues related to the knowledge both of the intangible values of assets − anthropological, literary and social ones − as of the physical-constructive aspects of the artifacts and of the natural environment. This with the aim of highlighting vulnerability factors and strategies compatible with a conservation planning of the site. At the same time, the Crapolla Lab has given the opportunity to trigger a sense of recognition by the local community towards the cultural site and to feel them the need to prevent the loss of the ancient evidences
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