1,720,964 research outputs found
Data Protection and Rule of Law: A Challenging Perspective
No full textEvery person has the right to a legal identity, the right to recognition as a person before the law, enabling that person to assert rights, enforce contracts, assert or defend a case in court. This right is freestanding thus, not dependent on official identification, and it has been recognized and codified in different international human rights treaties (UDHR in 1948, ICCPR), and in the modern Constitutions. However, in today’s globalized world, there is an increase in linking access to services such as health, education, etc., to possession of several form of identification that, while collecting evidence of people life events, grant them digital identity. To this aim, the most advanced technological tools are used to solve the challenges of traditional weak identification systems and, relying on modern technology, several forms of identification have been presented, studied and still implemented (Allen, C. 2016). In most developed countries, this approach follows the scrutiny of democratic institutions, committees and boards, raising questions linked to de-anonymization problems and focused on privacy and data protections. Concerning less developed countries, some authors (Johnston, S.F. 2018) argue that technology seems to represent a “technological fix” thus, a generic tool for circumventing problems commonly conceived as social, political or cultural. In these contexts, indeed, these systems certainly represents a valuable tool for granting civil rights, but also represents a valuable source of statistics, used as a key tool for shaping public interventions and allowing policy making based on forecasting, for monitoring new trends and planning feasible policies (UN Data Revolution for Sustainable Development, 2014). Often, in such contexts, the rule of law is weak and data collected with technological systems of identification can be misused, leading not only to a greater concentration of power in the hands of non-governmental organizations, but also to complex relationships between asymmetric information and power (Khan & Roy, 2019). It emerges the need of brainstorming on whether group privacy (Taylor, L., van der Sloot, B., and Floridi, L. 2017) remains the main problem, or whether new scenario can emerge, primarily depending on local context and local perception
Shedding light on the legal approach to aggregate data under the GDPR & the FFDR
No full textThe data taxonomy designed in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Free Flow Data Regulation (FFDR) seems lacking legal certainty for what concerns aggregate data. As a matter of fact, the legal framework considers it as non-personal data, albeit in the non-binding parts, even with the clear awareness that some risks persist. Moreover, the literal and contextual interpretation of the two Regulations confirms that the legal framework provided for aggregate data seems applying to entities performing that kind of processing in the public interest, but even to the one processing data in the private and business one. While the data aggregation performed in the public interest by public entities is punctually regulated with even other specific laws, the one performed in the private/business interest seems to be lacking clarity and transparency.
This paper proposes a legal reasoning and argumentation on the issue, aimed at raising awareness on the importance to promote best practices on the models developed by the statistical scientific community and applied to the public sector, for avoiding data misuses and abuses in the private and business context
Data Processing in Context: an Uncertain Regulation for a Big Data Society
No full textAs the quantity and complexity of data keeps increasing, individuals need to be aware of the level of privacy and data protection recognized to their data. The number of techniques to violate data protection tools and exploit data has increased exponentially, spinning the development of de-anonymization attacks, and increasing the vulnerability of information systems handling microdata. For this reason, implementing appropriate data minimization techniques and disclosure practices is essential, implying - as a first step - understanding the legal context and the terminology of the main data protection tools of privacy by design provided by the General Data Protection Regulation, as anonymization and pseudonymization
Big Data Analysis Systems in IoT Environments for Managing Privacy and Digital Identity: Pseudonymity, De-anonymization and the Right to Be Forgotten
No full textThe paper presents the project aimed at investigating the data anonymization considered as “a result of processing personal data with the aim of irreversibly preventing identification of the data subject” and its consequent issue of de-anonymization within the application of the EU GDPR and the EU FFDR
Anonymization Between Minimization and Erasure: The Perspectives of French and Italian Data Protection Authorities
Get PDFTwo years after the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect, data anonymization remains one of the main issues linked to fragmentation in the Member States’ anonymization policies, in which regard stakeholders would like additional guidelines.
In keeping with this premise, this article aims to analyze and compare trends in the implementation and enforcement of anonymization policies put in place by data protection authorities in two countries: France and Italy.
This analysis makes it possible to trace the evolution of these policies and highlight their critical importance in applying the data minimization principle and in enforcing the right to erasure under Art. 17 GDPR
Inferring the Meaning of Non-personal, Anonymized, and Anonymous Data
Get PDFOn the awareness of the dynamism pertaining to data and its processing, this paper investigates the problem of having two mutually exclusive definitions of personal and non-personal data in the legal framework in force. The taxonomic analysis of key terms and their context of application highlights the risk to crystalize the whole system upon which the digital single market is built, suffocating its future development. With this premise, the paper discusses the extent of the two main data processing tools provided by the GDPR, questioning the ex-ante categorization of data and its outcome, supporting stakeholders in overcoming this issue
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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