1,721,000 research outputs found
Prevalence and factors of sexist beliefs among Slovenian adolescents and the effectiveness of a gamified workshop on gender equality
Get PDFSeksizem predstavlja stališča, prepričanja in vedenja, ki odražajo neenak položaj žensk in moških. Kaže se v dobronamerni ali sovražni obliki, kar pomeni, da ne predstavlja klasične oblike predsodkov, ki temelji le na negativnem dojemanju druge skupine. Namen magistrskega dela je bil raziskati pojavnost in dejavnike seksističnih prepričanj pri slovenskih srednješolcih ter ustvariti enkratno igrificirano delavnico, ki bi omogočila nižanje seksističnih prepričanj pri teh. V študijo je bilo vključenih 256 srednješolcev, od tega 58,5 % fantov. Med enkratnim srečanjem so udeleženci rešili dva sklopa vprašalnikov, testna skupina pa je bila deležna igrificirane delavnice na temo spolne enakosti. Udeleženci so odgovarjali na demografska vprašanja (spol, letnik šolanja, politična orientacija, religioznost), Vprašalnik ambivalentnega seksizma, Vprašalnik ambivalentnosti do moških, prilagojeno Lestvico družinskih vrednot in Lestvico podpore učiteljev, prav tako pa so ocenili seksizem pri najboljšem prijatelju, svoje prihodnje namere in izvedeno delavnico. Za analizo rezultatov smo uporabili T-test za neodvisne vzorce, mešano ANOVO, korelacijske, regresijske in moderatorske analize. Ugotovili smo, da so med slovenskimi srednješolci prisotne vse štiri oblike seksizma, torej dobronamerni in sovražni seksizem do žensk ter dobronamerni in sovražni seksizem do moških. Kot pomembna dejavnika razširjenosti seksističnih prepričanj izstopata spol in družinske norme, medtem ko se letnik šolanja ter zaznava seksizma pri najboljšem prijatelju nista izkazala kot bistvena. Ob evalvaciji igrificirane delavnice smo ugotovili, da je prišlo do znižanja seksističnih prepričanj tako v testni kot kontrolni skupini v primeru vseh oblik seksizma, z izjemo sovražnega seksizma do moških. Udeleženci v testni skupini so, v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino, v večji meri ocenjevali, da želijo z vrstniki in s šolskim osebjem govoriti o problematiki seksizma ter da želijo poiskati dodatne informacije o tej. Dodaten vpogled v spremembo seksističnih prepričanj so nam omogočile moderatorske analize, ki so pokazale, da so družinske norme in zaznava seksizma pri najboljšem prijatelju statistično pomemben moderator odnosa med skupino (testna ali kontrolna) ter znižanjem dobronamernega seksizma do moških. Dodatno sta spol in religioznost statistično pomembna moderatorja odnosa med skupino in znižanjem sovražnega seksizma do moških. Medtem politična orientacija predstavlja moderator odnosa med skupino in znižanjem dobronamernega seksizma do žensk ter zaznava seksizma pri najboljšem prijatelju med skupino in znižanjem sovražnega seksizma do žensk. Dodaten vidik evalvacije delavnice je predstavljala ocena delavnice udeležencev, ki pa se ni statistično pomembno povezovala z znižanjem seksističnih prepričanj. V diskusiji iščemo razlage za dobljene rezultate in jih interpretiramo v oziru do zastavljenih hipotez. Na koncu osvetlimo še pomanjkljivosti raziskave, ideje za prihodnje raziskave in uporabno vrednost.Sexism represents attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours that reflect the unequal status of women and men. It can manifest in benevolent or hostile forms, meaning that it does not constitute a classic form of prejudice based solely on negative perceptions of the other group. The aim of the master’s thesis was to examine the prevalence and factors of sexist beliefs among Slovenian high school students and to create a one-time gamified workshop aimed at reducing such beliefs. The study included 256 high school students, 58.5 % of whom were male. During a single meeting, participants completed two sets of questionnaires, while the experimental group participated in a gamified workshop on the topic of gender equality. Participants answered demographic questions (gender, school year, political orientation, religiosity), the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory, an adapted Family Values Scale, and the Teacher Support Scale. They also evaluated sexism in their best friend, their future intentions, and the workshop they attended. We used the T-test for independent samples, mixed ANOVA, correlation, regression, and moderator analyses to analyse the results. We found that all four forms of sexism are present among Slovenian high school students, i.e., benevolent and hostile sexism toward women, and benevolent and hostile sexism toward men. Two important factors that contributed to the prevalence of sexist beliefs were gender and family norms, while school year and the perception of sexism in one’s best friend did not prove to be significant. During the evaluation of the gamified workshop, we found a decrease in sexist beliefs in both the experimental and control groups for all forms of sexism, with the exception of hostile sexism towards men. Compared to the control group, participants in the experimental group were more likely to report wanting to talk about the issue of sexism with peers and school staff, as well as to seek additional information on the topic. Additional insight into the change in sexist beliefs was provided by moderator analyses, which showed that family norms and the perception of sexism in the best friend were statistically significant moderators of the relationship between group (experimental or control) and the reduction of benevolent sexism towards men. Furthermore, gender and religiosity are statistically significant moderators of the relationship between the group and the reduction of hostile sexism towards men. Meanwhile, political orientation serves as a moderator of the relationship between the group and the reduction of benevolent sexism towards women, as well as the perception of sexism in the best friend among the group and the reduction of hostile sexism towards women. An additional aspect of the workshop evaluation was participant\u27s assessment of the workshop itself, which, however, was not statistically significantly associated with a decrease in sexist beliefs. In the discussion, we seek explanations for the obtained results and interpret them in relation to the stated hypotheses. Finally, we highlight the limitations of the study, ideas for future research, and its practical value
The Dark Triad and Cyberbullying: The Mediating Role of Online Disinhibition and the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Norms
Get PDFOsebnostne lastnosti temne triade - psihopatija, makiavelizem in narcisizem - so zaradi svoje narave večkrat opredeljene kot družbeno manj zaželene lastnosti. Povezujejo jih čustvena zadržanost, dvoličnost in agresivnost, pri čemer se v kontekstu slednje pogosto omenja tudi udeleženost v spletnem nasilju. Z namenom preveriti, zakaj so posamezniki z višje izraženimi lastnostmi temne triade pogosteje vpleteni v spletno nasilje, smo ugotavljali, kakšna je pri tem vloga narave spletnega okolja, ki med drugim uporabnikom nudi anonimnost in manjšo odgovornost za posledice svojih dejanj. V tem kontekstu smo se odločili za podrobnejši pregled procesa spletne dezinhibicije, prek katere se posameznik na spletu počuti svobodnejši. Prav tako nas je zanimalo, kako se ta odnos spreminja glede na zaznano podporo spletnemu nasilju s strani socialnega okolja. V okviru tega smo proučevali posameznikovo zaznavo socialnih norm vrstnikov glede spletnega nasilja v srednješolskem oziroma fakultetnem okolju. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 212 polnoletnih dijakov in študentov, ki so v okviru spletne ankete izpolnili vprašalnik temne triade (SD3), spletnega nasilja (ECIPQ), spletne dezinhibicije (ODS) ter vprašalnik zaznanih socialnih norm. Njihovi rezultati so bili analizirani z linearno regresijo, multiplo regresijo, analizami mediacije ter moderacije in končno uporabo moderirane mediacije. Ugotovili smo, da psihopatija, spletna dezinhibicija in zaznane socialne norme statistično pomembno pozitivno napovedujejo izvajanje spletnega nasilja. V okviru mediacijskih analiz smo dokazali delno mediacijsko vlogo spletne dezinhibicije v odnosu med vsemi tremi lastnostmi temne triade in spletnim nasiljem ter moderacijsko vlogo zaznanih socialnih norm v odnosu med psihopatijo in spletnim nasiljem ter narcisizmom in spletnim nasiljem. V kontekstu predpostavljenega končnega modela moderirane mediacije smo ugotovili, da je posredni učinek spletne dezinhibicije v odnosu med makiavelizmom in spletnim nasiljem ter narcisizmom in spletnim nasiljem statistično pomemben le pri srednji in visoki zaznani podpori spletnemu nasilju. Kot glavne pomanjkljivosti naše raziskave navajamo socialno zaželeno prikazovanje v okviru samoporočanja in relativno majhno velikost vzorca.The Dark Triad personality traits - psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism - are, due to their nature, often classified as socially less desirable traits. They are characterised by emotional restraint, duplicity, and aggressiveness, with frequent involvement in cyberbullying often mentioned in this context. In order to examine why individuals with higher levels of Dark Triad traits are more likely to engage in cyberbullying, we investigated the role of the online environment, which, among other aspects, offers users anonymity and a reduced sense of responsibility for their actions. In this context, we decided to conduct a more detailed examination of the process of online disinhibition, through which individuals tend to feel freer on the internet. We were also interested in how this relationship changes depending on the perceived support for cyberbullying within one\u27s social environment. Within this framework, we examined individuals\u27 perceptions of peer social norms regarding cyberbullying in secondary school and university settings. The study included 212 adult secondary school and university students who, within the framework of an online survey, completed the questionnaires measuring the Dark Triad (SD3), cyberbullying (ECIPQ), online disinhibition (ODS), and perceived social norms. Their results were analysed using linear regression, multiple regression, mediation and moderation analyses, and finally, moderated mediation. We found that psychopathy, online disinhibition, and perceived social norms significantly and positively predict cyberbullying perpetration. In the mediation analyses, we confirmed a partial mediating role of online disinhibition in the relationships between all three Dark Triad traits and cyberbullying, as well as a moderating role of perceived social norms in the relationships between psychopathy and cyberbullying and between narcissism and cyberbullying. In the context of the final proposed moderated mediation model, we found that the indirect effect of online disinhibition on the relationship between Machiavellianism and cyberbullying, as well as between narcissism and cyberbullying, was statistically significant only under medium and high levels of perceived support for cyberbullying. The main limitations of our study include socially desirable responding inherent to self-report measures and the relatively small sample size
The benefits of psychologically targeted strategies in the social marketing context: cognitive and sociopsychological outcomes
Get PDFSocialna omrežja, kot je Facebook, ponujajo vrsto priložnosti za učinkovito množično komunikacijo. Te so pogosto uspešno izrabljene s strani marketinških podjetij, ki v njih vidijo sredstvo za povečevanje profita, medtem ko institucije – ki bi iste principe lahko uporabile za izobraževanje in spodbujanje javnosti k družbeno koristnim vedenjem – v aplikaciji principov učinkovite množične komunikacije tradicionalno zaostajajo.
V pričujoči študiji se osredotočamo na enega od tovrstnih principov, in sicer na strategije psihološkega ciljanja, pri katerih pošiljatelj sporočila poskrbi za ujemanje Facebook oglasov s psihološkimi karakteristikami posameznika, ki bo oglasu izpostavljen. Medtem ko pretekla literatura razkriva nekatere koristi psihološko ciljanih strategij v kontekstu komercialnega marketinga, v pričujoči študiji raziskovanje psihološkega ciljanja premikamo v kontekst socialnega marketinga in nadgrajujemo s preverjanjem mnogih – do tega trenutka slabo raziskanih – elementov. Pri tem se osredotočamo na tri raznolike teme, ki imajo znanstveno podporo in bi lahko koristile posameznikom ter družbi v celoti (cepljenje proti gripi, preventiva demence in zmanjševanje ogljičnega odtisa), Facebook objave pa prilagajamo posameznikovi ekstravertnosti, odprtosti ali pa obema omenjenima osebnostnima lastnostma hkrati (profil osebnosti).
Za preverjanje učinkovitosti psihološko ciljanih strategij v kontekstu socialnega marketinga smo pripravili dva eksperimenta. V prvi študiji (laboratorijska študija) preverjamo pretežno kognitivne mehanizme, prek katerih bi psihološko ciljanje lahko vodilo do želenih izidov, kot je vedenjska sprememba, in sicer samoporočano naklonjenost Facebook objavam, pozornost, zajeto s sledilnikom oči in spomin, merjen z računalniško nalogo. Na vzorcu 98 udeležencev ugotavljamo, da oglasi s kongruentno ekstravertnostjo in kongruentnim profilom osebnosti kažejo konsistentne koristi v primerjavi z inkongruentnimi objavami, a so učinki na naklonjenost, pozornost in uspešnost prepoznave blagi. Nadalje v drugi študiji (spletni eksperiment) preverjamo bolj oprijemljive, socialnopsihološke izide, in sicer spremembo stališč ter spremembo vedenjskih namer. Na vzorcu 312 udeležencev ugotavljamo, da se v smeri izrazitejšega poviševanja stališč in vedenjskih namer v primerjavi z inkongruentnimi oglasi nagibajo predvsem učinki objav s kongruentnim profilom osebnosti, a so le-ti blagi in ne popolnoma uniformni. Ob tem smo v obeh študijah preverjali še odobravanje psihološkega ciljanja. Rezultati kažejo, da večina udeležencev ne odobrava psihološkega ciljanja ali pa bi psihološko ciljanje odobravali le pod določenimi pogoji, npr. kadar se uporablja v dobro uporabnikov. Pri tem se kažejo tudi pomembni napovedniki odobravanja, npr. starost.
Skupno ti rezultati implicirajo, da psihološko ciljanje lahko prinaša koristi v smislu kognitivnih in socialnopsiholoških izidov, a so te šibke. Nadalje študija razkriva, da ima večina ljudi zadržke do uporabe psihološkega ciljanja. V diskusiji te rezultate povežemo s preteklo literaturo, izpostavimo njihovo uporabno vrednost ter se dotaknemo pomanjkljivosti pričujočih študij.Social media, such as Facebook, offer a myriad of opportunities for effective mass communication. Many such opportunities are successfully used by marketing companies as a means to increase profits, while institutions – which could use these same principles to educate the public and encourage them to act in their best interest – traditionally lag behind.
In the present study, we focus on one such principle, psychological targeting, whereby a communicator matches the content of Facebook ads to the psychological characteristics of people who will be exposed to them. While past literature reveals some of the benefits of psychologically targeted strategies in the context of commercial marketing, we extend the literature by exploring psychological targeting in the context of social marketing and by testing several novel aspects. In doing so, we focus on three diverse topics that have substantial scientific support and could benefit individuals and society as a whole (influenza vaccination, dementia prevention, and carbon footprint reduction), and match the content of Facebook posts to fit individuals’ extraversion, openness to experience, or both of these personality traits at the same time (personality profile).
We test the effectiveness of psychologically targeted strategies in the context of social marketing via two experiments. In the study 1 (a laboratory experiment), we test the (mainly) cognitive mechanisms by which psychological targeting could lead to positive outcomes, such as behavioral change, namely self-reported liking of presented materials, attention captured by the eye-tracker, and the memory, measured with a computerized task. On the sample of 98 participants, we find that ads with congruent extraversion and congruent personality profiles consistently show benefits over incongruent materials. However, the effects on ad liking, attention, and recognition are predominantly small. Furthermore, in the second study (an online experiment), we focus on more tangible, social-psychological outcomes, namely attitude change and changes in behavioral intention. On the sample of 312 participants, we find that only ads with congruent personality profiles tend to lead to more pronounced increases in both outcomes (compared to incongruent ads). However, the effects were less consistent and mild. Additionally, we also studied people\u27s approval of psychological targeting in both studies. The results show that the majority does not approve of psychological targeting, or that they would only approve of it under certain conditions, e.g. when it is used for the sole benefit of the users. The results also illuminate several important predictors of public attitudes towards psychological targeting, such as age.
Taken together, these results indicate that psychological targeting can be beneficial in terms of cognitive and socio-psychological outcomes but these benefits are generally weak. Furthermore, the study reveals that most people have concerns regarding the use of psychological targeting. In the discussion, we compare these results with the past literature, highlight their practical value, and outline the limitations of the present studies
Predictors of trust in science and its role in explaining health behavior and responses to health-related messages
Get PDFV času pandemije covida-19, za katero je, sploh v začetnih fazah, bilo značilno širjenje velike količine nasprotujočih si informacij in negotovosti, smo lahko v medijih pogosto zasledili poudarjanje pomena zaupanja znanosti in znanstvenikom. Medtem ko so nekatera pretekla znanstvena dela resnično kazala, da bi zaupanje v znanost lahko bilo pomemben napovednik zdravstvenih odločitev, kot so denimo odločitve glede cepljenja, je bilo tovrstnih raziskav zelo malo in so nudile precej omejen vpogled v ozadje opaženih odnosov. Prav tako je bilo v literaturi prisotnih precej nejasnosti glede opredelitve zaupanja v znanost, najboljših načinov merjenja in napovednikov, ki k njemu prispevajo.
V pričujoči doktorski disertaciji smo tako želeli najprej teoretično razjasniti pojmovanje in operacionalizacijo zaupanja v znanost ter celovito pregledati preteklo literaturo o dejavnikih, zdravstvenih izidih in potencialnih razlagah povezave med zaupanjem v znanost in zdravstvenim vedenjem. V nadaljevanju pa smo si prizadevali to znanje nadgraditi s štirimi empiričnimi raziskavami, ki razširjajo naše razumevanje vloge zaupanja v znanost pri napovedovanju vedenja v kontekstu zdravja, povezanih spremenljivk in napovednikov zaupanja v znanost, prav tako pa mehanizmov, ki pojasnjujejo vlogo zaupanja v znanost pri določanju odzivov na z zdravjem povezana sporočila.
Rezultati so pokazali, da je zaupanje v znanost pomemben napovednik upoštevanja smernic za zajezitev širjenja covida-19, ob tem pa predstavlja tudi vezni člen med splošnejšimi sociodemografskimi lastnostmi posameznikov (npr. politično orientiranostjo) in vedenjem v kontekstu covida-19 (raziskava 1). Na ravni populacije se zaupanje v znanost prepleta z znanstveno in zdravstveno pismenostjo ter na tak način tvori homogene podskupine posameznikov, pri čemer skupine z nižjimi ravnmi zaupanja v znanost praviloma izkazujejo tudi nižje ravni zdravega življenjskega sloga in z znanostjo podprtih vedenj, vezanih na covid-19 (raziskava 2). Zaupanje v znanost se med posamezniki precej razlikuje. Višje ravni zaupanja v znanost izkazujejo osebe z nižjo politično konservativnostjo, religioznostjo in zarotniško miselnostjo ter višjo odprtostjo za izkušnje in intelektualno skromnostjo, medtem ko stopnja izobrazbe in reflektiven način razmišljanja nista pomembna napovednika zaupanja v znanost (raziskava 3). Razlike v zdravstvenem vedenju med osebami, ki bolj ali manj zaupajo v znanost, lahko vsaj delno razložimo z razlikami v odzivih na zdravstveno komunikacijo, ki vsebuje vedenjska priporočila. V primeru kontroverznih tem, kot je covid-19, osebe z nizkim zaupanjem v znanost ob izpostavljenosti sporočilu pogosteje doživljajo psihološko reaktanco, kar v naslednjem koraku prispeva tudi k manj ugodnim stališčem in vedenjskim nameram. Tovrstne negativne odzive je mogoče zmanjšati s premišljeno in manj ogrožajočo zdravstveno komunikacijo (raziskava 4).
Ugotovitve raziskav tako konsistentno podpirajo idejo, da je zaupanje v znanost pomemben dejavnik zdravstvenega vedenja. Ker ima še posebej pomembno vlogo v primeru negotovih, čustveno nabitih in osebno relevantnih tematik, bi ga bilo zavoljo oblikovanja družbe, sposobne prilagajanja na prihodnje zdravstvene in druge krize, vredno krepiti, intervencije pa morajo biti premišljene in celovite. Izvedene raziskave ob tem odpirajo tudi nekatera nova raziskovalna vprašanja, kot so vprašanja posplošljivosti opaženih odnosov v druge kulturne kontekste, dolgotrajno učinkovitih načinov spodbujanja zaupanja v znanost in prenosa spoznanj iz zdravstvenega konteksta na druge družbene izzive (na primer podnebne spremembe).During the COVID-19 pandemic, which was, especially in its early stages, characterized by a proliferation of conflicting information and uncertainty, media headlines often stressed the importance of trust in science and scientists. While some previous scientific work has, indeed, implied that trust in science might be an important predictor of health-related decisions, such as the decision to get vaccinated, studies were very scarce and offered a rather limited insight into what underlies these associations. Moreover, the literature suffered from considerable ambiguity regarding how trust in science can be defined, how it should be measured, and which factors determine individuals’ trust.
In the present doctoral thesis, we hence aimed to theoretically clarify the conceptualization and operationalization of trust in science and comprehensively review the past literature on the determinants, health outcomes, and potential explanations of the link between trust in science and health behavior. We then sought to build on this knowledge with four empirical studies that extend our understanding of the role of trust in science in predicting behavior in the health context, the associated variables and predictors of trust in science, and the mechanisms that explain the role of trust in science in determining responses to health-related messages.
The results showed that trust in science is an important predictor of compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines. It also serves as a mediator between individuals’ general sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., political orientation) and coronavirus-related behavior (Study 1). At the population level, trust in science interacts with scientific knowledge and health literacy to form homogeneous subgroups of individuals, with groups characterized by lower levels of trust in science exhibiting lower levels of health-promoting behavior and evidence-based behavior related to COVID-19 (Study 2). Trust in science varies considerably between individuals. Higher levels of trust in science are reported by those with lower levels of political conservatism, religiosity, and conspiracy ideation, as well as higher levels of openness to experience and intellectual humility. On the other hand, education level and reflective thinking are not significant predictors of trust in science (Study 3). Differences in health behavior between people with varying degrees of trust in science can, at least partly, be explained by differences in their responses to health communication containing behavioral guidelines. In the case of controversial topics, such as COVID-19, individuals with low trust in science are more likely to experience psychological reactance during exposure to health-related messages, which, in turn, contributes to less favorable attitudes and behavioral intentions. Such negative reactions can be mitigated with thoughtful, less freedom-threatening health communication (Study 4).
Our findings thus consistently support the notion that trust in science is an important determinant of health behavior. As it plays a particularly vital role in the case of uncertain, emotionally charged, and personally relevant topics, strengthening trust in science with carefully planned endeavors may contribute to creating a society capable of adapting to future health and other crises. At the same time, our research raises some new research questions, such as questions regarding the generalizability of the observed associations to other cultural contexts, effective ways of promoting trust in science, and transferability of our findings from the health context to other global challenges (e.g., climate change)
Development and Validation of the Perceived Deepfake Trustworthiness Questionnaire (PDTQ) in Three Languages
No full textExposure to false information is becoming a common occurrence in our daily lives. New developments in artificial intelligence are now used to produce increasingly sophisticated multimedia false content, such as deepfakes, making false information even more challenging to detect and combat. This creates expansive opportunities to mislead individuals into believing fabricated claims and negatively influence their attitudes and behavior. Therefore, a better understanding of how individuals perceive such content and the variables related to the perceived trustworthiness of deepfakes is needed. In the present study, we developed and validated the Perceived Deepfake Trustworthiness Questionnaire (PDTQ) in English, Italian, and Slovene. This was done in three phases. First, we developed the initial pool of items by reviewing previous studies, generating items via interviews and surveys, and employing artificial intelligence. Second, we shortened and adapted the questionnaire according to experts’ evaluation of content validity and translated the questionnaire into Italian and Slovene. Lastly, we evaluated the psychometric characteristics via a cross-sectional study in three languages (N = 733). The exploratory factor analyses suggested a two-factor solution, with the first factor measuring the perceived trustworthiness of the content and the second measuring the perceived trustworthiness of the presentation. This factorial structure was replicated in confirmatory factor analyses. Moreover, our analyses provided support for PDTQ’s reliability, measurement invariance across all three languages, and its construct and incremental validity. As such, the PDTQ is a reliable, measurement invariant, and valid tool for comprehensive exploration of individuals’ perception of deepfake videos
The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS)
Get PDFBackground and aims: Despite the last decade’s significant development in the scientific study of work addiction/workaholism, this area of research is still facing a fundamental challenge, namely the need for a valid and reliable measurement tool that shows cross-cultural invariance and, as such, allows for worldwide studies on this phenomenon. Methods: An initial 16-item questionnaire, developed within an addiction framework, was administered alongside job stress, job satisfaction, and self-esteem measures in a total sample of 31,352 employees from six continents and 85 cultures (63.5% females, mean age of 39.24 years). Results: Based on theoretical premises and psychometric testing, the International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS) was developed as a short measure representing essential features of work addiction. The seven-item version (IWAS-7), covering all seven components of work addiction, showed partial scalar invariance across 81 cultures, while the five-item version (IWAS-5) showed it across all 85 cultures. Higher levels of work addiction on both versions were associated with higher job stress, lower job satisfaction, and lower self-esteem across cultures. The optimal cut-offs for the IWAS-7 (24 points) and IWAS-5 (18 points) were established with an overall accuracy of 96% for both versions. Discussion and conclusions: The IWAS is a valid, reliable, and short screening scale that can be used in different cultures and languages, providing comparative and generalizable results. The scale can be used globally in clinical and organizational settings, with the IWAS-5 being recommended for most practical and clinical situations. This is the first study to provide data supporting the hypothesis that work addiction is a universal phenomenon worldwide
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines
Get PDFThe coronavirus pandemic is one of the biggest health crises of our time. In response to this global problem, various institutions around the world had soon issued evidence-based prevention guidelines. However, these guidelines, which were designed to slow the spread of COVID-19 and contribute to public well-being, are (deliberately) disregarded by some individuals. In the present study, we aimed to develop and test a multivariate model that could help us identify individual characteristics that make a person more/less likely to comply with COVID-19 prevention guidelines. A total of 525 attentive participants completed the online survey. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) show that COVID-19 risk perception and trust in science both independently predict compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines, while the remaining variables in the model (political conservatism, religious orthodoxy, conspiracy ideation and intellectual curiosity) do so via the mediating role of trust in science. The described model exhibited an acceptable fit (χ2(1611) = 2485.84, p < .001, CFI = .91, RMSEA = .032, SRMR = .055). These findings thus provide empirical support for the proposed multivariate model and underline the importance of trust in science in explaining the different levels of compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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