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Human-nature relationships and pro-environmental behaviour : lessons from rural Zanzibari villages
Get PDFThe island of Unguja in Zanzibar, Tanzania is facing severe deforestation. Previous research has identified shifting cultivation and silviculture activities as well as various demographic, economic, legislative and policy changes as explaining factors for the trend. Despite governmental measures and a long history of international development cooperation projects on the island, deforestation rates have not decelerated. As existing research has identified contradictions between environmental initiatives and local practices, I examine how conservation objectives cohere with prevailing human-nature relationships and socio-material realities in rural Zanzibari villages.
The main objectives of this thesis are to fill gaps in previous research concerning the adoption of sustainable practices in Zanzibar and offer new insights on pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) as linked with human-nature relationships (HNR) and agency. To achieve this, I examine 1) which social and material processes and elements affect and define human-nature relationships in rural Zanzibari villages surrounding the Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve, and 2) what processes and elements encourage, disable or otherwise affect individuals’ commitment to pro-environmental behaviour in rural Zanzibari villages, and how pro-environmental behaviour is connected to prevailing human-nature relationships and socio-material realities. As a theoretical framework, I utilize the concept of pro-environmental behaviour as connected to empowerment and agency. I also examine the concept of the human-nature relationship as studied in environmental sociology and the multi-disciplinary field of research addressing interaction between humans and nature.
As empirical data, I utilize nine semi-structured interviews I conducted in villages surrounding the Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve while participating in a monitoring trip for a development cooperation project KIPPO. As supplementary data and background information, I utilize a survey of 50 respondents as well as two focus-group discussions with a local forest protection NGO which were conducted in collaboration with the project partners and myself. I chose theory-guided content analysis as the analysis method which allowed for a reflexive research process and taking into account locally significant processes.
As results, I offer novel linkages between pro-environmental behaviour, human-nature relationships, empowerment and agency. In the data, individuals showcased interdependent human-nature relationships which motivated commitment to conservation objectives. Nature was considered by the interviewees the basis for livelihoods, and the destruction thereof was perceived as threatening the future of the communities. However, prevailing socio-material realities may affect individual agency toward the environment, and environmental initiatives empower people unequally. Therefore, future research should incorporate discrepancies among people’s ability to commit to sustainable practices and include dependencies derived from local human-nature relationships in the analysis of pro-environmental behaviour.Ungujan saari Sansibarilla Tansaniassa kärsii vakavasta metsäkadosta. Aiempi tutkimus on tunnistanut maatalouskäytännöt ja metsätalouden sekä useat demografiset, taloudelliset ja lainsäädännölliset tekijät sekä muutokset toimintatavoissa muutosta selittäviksi tekijöiksi. Hallituksen toimista ja kansainvälisen kehitysyhteistyön pitkästä historiasta huolimatta metsäkato ei ole vielä hidastunut. Koska aiempi tutkimus on tunnistanut ristiriitoja ympäristötavoitteiden ja paikallisten käytäntöjen välillä, tutkin kuinka suojelutavoitteet sopivat yhteen sansibarilaisissa maaseutuyhteisöissä vallitsevien luontosuhteiden ja sosiomateriaalisten realiteettien kanssa.
Tutkielmani päätavoitteina on täydentää tietoaukkoja aiemmassa tutkimuksessa kestävien käytäntöjen omaksumisesta Sansibarilla sekä tarjota uusia näkökulmia ympäristömyönteiseen käytökseen liittämällä käsite luontosuhteisiin ja toimijuuteen. Tämän vuoksi tarkastelen, 1) mitkä sosiaaliset ja materiaaliset prosessit ja elementit määrittelevät luontosuhteita sekä vaikuttavat niihin Kiwengwa-Pongwen metsäreserviä ympäröivissä sansibarilaisissa maaseutuyhteisöissä ja 2) mitkä prosessit ja elementit edistävät, estävät tai muutoin vaikuttavat ympäristömyönteiseen käytökseen kyseisessä kontekstissa. Selvitän myös, kuinka ympäristömyönteinen käytös on yhteydessä vallitseviin luontosuhteisiin ja sosiomateriaalisiin realiteetteihin. Käytän tutkielmani teoreettisena viitekehyksenä ympäristömyönteisen käytöksen käsitettä yhdistettynä voimaantumiseen ja toimijuuteen, sekä luontosuhteen käsitettä juonnettuna ympäristösosiologisesta tutkimuksesta ja aiemmasta monitieteisestä tutkimuksesta, joka on pyrkinyt selvittämään ihmisen ja luonnon välistä vuorovaikutusta.
Käytän tutkielmani empiirisenä aineistona yhdeksää Kiwengwa-Pongwen metsäreserviä ympäröivissä kylissä pitämääni teemahaastattelua, jotka keräsin toimiessani kehitysyhteistyöprojekti KIPPOssa. Analyysiä tukevana aineistona sekä taustamateriaalina käytän tutkielmassani projektin partnerien kanssa yhteistyössä alueella keräämääni 50 vastaajan kyselytutkimusta sekä kahta alueen metsänsuojelujärjestön fokusryhmähaastattelua. Valitsin analyysimetodiksi teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin, mikä mahdollisti refleksiivisen tutkimusprosessin sekä paikallisesti merkittävien prosessien sisällyttämisen tutkimukseen.
Tutkielmani tuloksina tarjoan uudenlaisia yhteyksiä ympäristömyönteisen käytöksen, luontosuhteiden, voimaantumisen sekä toimijuuden käsitteiden välille. Aineistossa yksilöiden luontosuhteita määritteli keskinäinen riippuvuus luonnon kanssa, mikä motivoi osallistumaan luonnonsuojeluun. Haastateltavat käsittivät luonnon elantonsa perustana, minkä vuoksi sen tuhoutumisen koettiin uhkaavan yhteisöjen tulevaisuutta. Toisaalta vallitsevat sosiomateriaaliset olosuhteet voivat vaikuttaa yksilön toimijuuteen ympäristöään kohtaan, ja ympäristönsuojeluprojektit voimaannuttavat paikallisia epäsuhtaisesti. Siksi jatkotutkimuksen tulisi sisällyttää ympäristömyönteisen käytöksen analyysiin ihmisten väliset eroavaisuudet toimijuudessa sekä luontosuhteista juontuvat riippuvuussuhteet
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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