132,144 research outputs found
La proposition comme gnomon discret du langage. Le point de vue d’Aristote et de Wittgenstein
No full textOn appelle gnomon une partie d''une totalité qui, dès qu''on 1''ajoute ou la soustrait à celle-là, reproduit une figure semblable à la totalité dont elle est une partie : le tout et les parties dont elle est composée se trouvent donc dans une relation qu''on dit de self-similarity. On présente la définition qu’en fournit Euclide dans les “Elements”. La relation entre la proposition (la totalité) et les mots qui la composent est une relation gnomonique: les mots sont des propositions condensées et, pour cela, semblables aux propositions dont its font partie. La thèse trouve ses argumentations dans la reflexion d''Aristote et de Wittgenstein. La définition aristotélicienne de la métaphore est présentée en tant qu''exemple de relation gnononique
Further Advances in Pragmatics and Philosophy. part 1: From theory to practice.
No full textThis book builds on the idea that pragmatics and philosophy are strictly interconnected and that advances in one area will generate consequential advantages in the other area.The book presents perspectives which, generally, make most of the Gricean idea of the centrality of a speaker's intention in attribution of meaning of utterances, whether one is interested in the level of sentence-like units or chunks od discourse. Papers by: K. Allan, B. Butler, D. Atlas, A. Capone, M: Carapezza, V. Cuccio, M. Devitt, D. Delfitto, G. Forbes, A. Giorgi, N. Norrick, N. Salmon, G. Sent, A. Voltolini, R. Warner
Simultaneous pre-concentration and HPLC-MS/MS quantification of phycotoxins and cyanotoxins in inland and coastal waters
No full textThe purpose of this study was to set up a sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of phycotoxins and cyanotoxins—Emerging pollutants with different structures and harmful properties (hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity)—In environmental waters. Due to the low concentrations detected in these samples, a pre-concentration step is required and here it was performed in a single step with a commercial cartridge (StrataTM-X), achieving enrichment factors up to 200 and satisfactory recovery (R = 70–118%) in different aqueous matrices. After solid-phase extraction (SPE), toxins were separated and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Heated ElectroSpray Ionisation Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-HESI-MS/MS) in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode. An analytical evaluation of the proposed method was done based on the analytical figures of merit, such as precision and trueness, linearity, selectivity, and sensitivity, and it turned out to be a robust tool for the quantification of ng L−1 levels, phycotoxins and cyanotoxins in both freshwater and saltwater samples
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
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