1,720,961 research outputs found
Rahanpesijän tietoisuus varojen laittomasta alkuperästä tahallisuusvaatimuksena
Full text linkThis article discusses a money launderer’s awareness of the illegal origin of property as a requirement of intent. The aim of the research is to find out what is required for fulfilling the requirement of intent. A money launderer’s awareness of the illegal origin of property has been assessed in this article from the perspectives of theory and earlier legal practice.
The object of intent in money laundering is the property’s illegal origin, to which the intent of the perpetrator must extend at the time of the act. The requirement of intent is fulfilled when the perpetrator perceives the illegal origin of the property to be a more likely alternative than its noncriminal origin. However, in some situations intent can also be based on negligence of the duty to investigate, even if the perpetrator had not perceived the property to be criminally obtained with a more than 50% certainty. The duty to investigate leads to a punishment for an intentional act especially in situations where the perpetrator, in order to avoid criminal liability, has not attempted to ascertain the origin of the property to a sufficient degree.
In practice, the fulfillment of the requirement of intent is based on the circumstances of the act, which means that the factors to be considered depend on each case
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Arvopaperimarkkinoita koskevan tiedottamisrikoksen ja markkinoiden manipuloinnin konkurrenssiongelma
No full textTämä tutkimus käsittelee arvopaperimarkkinoita koskevan tiedottamisrikoksen ja markkinoiden manipuloinnin konkurrenssiongelmaa. Rikoskonkurrenssilla on rikosoikeuden yleisiin oppeihin kuuluvana osa-alueena keskeinen merkitys niin rikosoikeustieteellisesti kuin käytännön ratkaisutoiminnankin näkökulmasta, sillä lainkäyttäjä joutuu ottamaan usein kantaa konkurrenssikysymyksiin. Tämän tutkimuksen tarpeellisuutta korostaa rikoskonkurrenssia koskevan aikaisemman tutkimuksen vähyyden lisäksi markkinoiden manipuloinnin ja tiedottamisrikoksen soveltamiskäytännön niukkuus, minkä vuoksi niiden konkurrenssikysymysten systematisoimista ja jäsentämistä voidaan pitää perusteltuna.
Tutkimusmetodina on lainoppi. Tässä työssä tutkitaan lainopillisesta näkökulmasta yhtäältä sitä, ovatko markkinoiden manipulointi ja tiedottamisrikos keskenään lainkonkurrenssissa sekä toisaalta sitä, minkälaisista yksiköintikriteereistä luonnollinen katsantokanta muodostuu mainittujen rikostyyppien kohdalla. Koska rikoslain 51 luvun normit voivat olla päällekkäisiä myös muilta osin, on tutkimuksessa arvioitu myös sisäpiirintiedon väärinkäytön ja tiedottamisrikoksen rikosoikeudellista suhdetta. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa on otettu kantaa myös petos- ja markkinointirikoksen sekä markkinoiden manipuloinnin ja tiedottamisrikoksen keskinäisiin konkurrenssikysymyksiin. Lainkonkurrenssiin ja yksiköintiin liittyviä kysymyksiä on konkretisoitu pääasiassa arvopaperimarkkinarikoksia koskevilla tuomioistuinratkaisuilla sekä osin myös muita rikostyyppejä koskevalla korkeimman oikeuden ratkaisukäytännöllä.
Tutkimuksen kannalta keskeinen johtopäätös on se, että joissakin tilanteissa voi olla perusteltua päätyä siihen lopputulokseen, että markkinoiden manipuloinnin ja tiedottamisrikoksen tunnusmerkistöt eivät ole lainkonkurrenssissa keskenään. Yksiköinnin näkökulmasta merkitystä on erityisesti yhtenäisellä motivaatioperustalla, vaikka käytännössä myös teon objektiivisen puolen vaatimuksilla on keskeinen merkitys sen osoittamisessa, että osateot ovat saman motivaatiotilan ilmausta
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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