75 research outputs found
Gender Equality on the Labour Market in France: A Slow Convergence Hampered by Motherhood
No full textIn France since the 1970s, the growth in labour force has been driven largely by that of women’s participation in the labour market and the fact that they interrupt their careers less often after motherhood. Their level of education has also risen considerably, and they have, on average, been more highly educated than men since the 1990s. But these developments did not result in reducing the gender pay gap to what might have been expected : the average hourly wage gap in the private sector has remained around 20% since the mid‑1990s. In this average gap, the share explained by differences in human capital (education, experience) was cancelled out and even reversed between 1968 and 2015. The persistence of the wage gap now appears to be mainly linked to the consequences of motherhood. A child’s arrival causes mothers a loss of annual income largely due to adjustments in their working time. This penalty is higher for mothers whose wages are at the bottom of the wage distribution.Meurs Dominique, Pora Pierre. Gender Equality on the Labour Market in France: A Slow Convergence Hampered by Motherhood. In: Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, n°510-512, Special Issue 50th Anniversary. pp. 109-130
PorA of the type IX secretion is a ligand of the PorXY two-component regulatory system in Porphyromonas gingivalis
No full textNagasaki University (長崎大学)博士(歯学)Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important bacterium associated with chronic periodontitis. The type IX secretion system (T9SS) in P. gingivalis secretes conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) containing proteins, which are also called T9SS cargo proteins, including gingipain proteinases, to the cell surface and extracellular milieu. We have shown that gene expression of some T9SS component proteins is regulated by a two-component regulatory system, PorX-PorY, an ECF sigma factor, SigP, and a T9SS cargo protein, PorA. As PorA has its own CTD, PorA is mainly localized as an A-LPS-bound form and PorV-bound form on the cell surface. However, it remains unclear how PorA can activate the PorXY-SigP signaling cascade. In this study, our results revealed that the CTD of PorA can activate the PorXY-SigP signaling cascade via interaction with PorY. It is well known that the canonical role of CTD is to act as a secretion signal for T9SS protein export. In here, we propose a novel concept that the CTD of PorA can play a dual role: as a secretion signal directing the secretion of PorA and as a positive regulator of T9SS gene expression by binding to PorY in the periplasm.長崎大学学位論文 学位記番号:博(医歯薬)甲第1712号 学位授与年月日:令和7年6月4日Author: Momoko Ito, Hideharu Yukitake, Paul D. Veith, Dhana G. Gorasia, Takashi Tominaga, Yuko Sasaki, Eric C. Reynolds, Koji Nakayama, Mariko Naito, Mikio ShojiCitation: Molecular Microbiology, 123(6), pp.569-585; 2025Nagasaki University (長崎大学), 博士(歯学) (2025-06-04)doctoral thesi
Comment – Telework and Productivity Three Years After the Start of the Pandemic
No full textInternational audienceSince March 2020, the COVID‑19 pandemic has caused many companies andemployees to turn to telework. The articles by Bergeaud et al. (2023) and Criscuolo et al. (2023)document the effects of telework on productivity in detail and, more broadly, its effects on thebehaviour of companies and employees, both before and during the health crisis. This commen‑tary discusses their findings in terms of the uncertain knowledge that was available on the effectsof telework before the health crisis, as well as the technical and conceptual difficulties raisedby estimating the consequences of telework. Finally, it examines the apparent paradox whereby,despite its positive effects on both the productive efficiency of companies and the working condi‑tions of employees, teleworking remained rare prior to 2020.la pandémie de Covid-19 a conduit de nombreuses entreprises et de nombreux salariés à recourir au télétravail. Les articles de Bergeaud et al. (2023) et Criscuolo et al. (2023) documentent finement les effets du télétravail sur la productivité, et plus largement sur les comportements des entreprises et des salariés, avant et pendant la crise sanitaire. Ce commentaire discute leurs résultats au regard de la connaissance incertaine que l'on avait des effets du télétravail avant la crise sanitaire, mais aussi des difficultés techniques et conceptuelles soulevées par l'estimation des conséquences du recours au télétravail. Il s'interroge enfin sur le paradoxe apparent qui veut qu'en dépit de ses effets positifs tant sur l'efficacité productive des entreprises que sur les conditions de travail des salariés, le télétravail soit resté une organisation du travail marginale avant 2020
The individual dynamics of wage income in France during the crisis
No full textThe uncertain nature of future income limits the ability of agents to smooth their consumption over time. Variation in this uncertainty can thus bring about variation in well-being. We study the evolutions of the uncertainty on wage income in France before and over the course of the crisis of 2008 drawing on longitudinal administrative data. Using a non-parametric method, we estimate the magnitude and form of this uncertainty and show that they depend on past wage income. This uncertainty is broken down into wage and working time, and according to the mobility of the wage earners. During the crisis, the magnitude of this uncertainty on future wage income increases slightly, and its downward asymmetry is stronger at both ends of the wage income scale : with this uncertainty, unfavourable evolutions have a bigger impact during the crisis than in the preceding period. This is explained by a heightened probability of unfavourable individual evolutions in terms of working time for the lowest-paid workers, and in terms of wage for the highest-paid. Mobility is more frequent during the crisis but the uncertainty associated with it is lower than over the preceding years.Pora Pierre, Wilner Lionel. The individual dynamics of wage income in France during the crisis. In: Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, n°494-496, 2017. The Crisis, Ten Years After. pp. 179-199
Genre, famille et offre de travail
No full textThis dissertation investigates the effect of family life on labor supply in the French context through an empirical lens. It consists of four independent chapters, each devoted to a specific aspect of the impact of family life on decisions to allocate time to work outside the home. The first contributes to the recent literature on the effect of fertility on mothers' earnings and labor supply by assessing the heterogeneity of these effects along the distribution of their potential wages. The second examines whether increasing the availability of affordable childcare provided by publicly subsidized day care centers, and thus lowering the shadow price of working outside the home, allows parents, and in particular mothers of young children, to increase their labor supply and earnings. The third focuses on the impact of family life on health care systems, and quantifies the contribution of parenthood to the decline in nurses' labor supply over their careers. Finally, the last chapter explores how a sudden and persistent shock, triggered by the layoff of one of the adults in the family, affects the structure of within-family comparative advantage and spills over into the family relationships and labor supply of the other members.Cette thèse étudie de façon empirique l'effet de la vie familiale sur l'offre de travail dans le contexte français. Elle comprend quatre chapitres indépendants, chacun consacré à un aspect précis de l'impact de la vie familiale sur les décisions d'allocation de temps au travail à l'extérieur du foyer. Le premier contribue à la littérature récente traitant de l'effet de la fécondité sur les revenus et l'offre de travail des mères en examinant l'hétérogénéité de ces effets le long de la distribution de leurs salaires potentiels. Le second cherche à déterminer si l'augmentation de la disponibilité de services de garde d'enfants abordables fournis par des crèches subventionnées par les pouvoirs publics, et donc la diminution du coût implicite du travail à l'extérieur du domicile, permet aux parents, et en particulier aux mères de jeunes enfants, d'augmenter leur offre de travail et leurs revenus. Le troisième se concentre sur les conséquences de la vie familiale sur les systèmes de santé, en quantifiant la contribution de la parentalité à la diminution de l'offre de travail des infirmières au long de leurs carrières. Enfin, le dernier chapitre explore comment un changement brutal et permanent, ici le licenciement d'un des adultes de la famille, affecte la structure de l'avantage comparatif intra-familial et se répercute sur les relations familiales et l'offre de travail des autres membres
Genre, famille et offre de travail
No full textThis dissertation investigates the effect of family life on labor supply in the French context through an empirical lens. It consists of four independent chapters, each devoted to a specific aspect of the impact of family life on decisions to allocate time to work outside the home. The first contributes to the recent literature on the effect of fertility on mothers' earnings and labor supply by assessing the heterogeneity of these effects along the distribution of their potential wages. The second examines whether increasing the availability of affordable childcare provided by publicly subsidized day care centers, and thus lowering the shadow price of working outside the home, allows parents, and in particular mothers of young children, to increase their labor supply and earnings. The third focuses on the impact of family life on health care systems, and quantifies the contribution of parenthood to the decline in nurses' labor supply over their careers. Finally, the last chapter explores how a sudden and persistent shock, triggered by the layoff of one of the adults in the family, affects the structure of within-family comparative advantage and spills over into the family relationships and labor supply of the other members.Cette thèse étudie de façon empirique l'effet de la vie familiale sur l'offre de travail dans le contexte français. Elle comprend quatre chapitres indépendants, chacun consacré à un aspect précis de l'impact de la vie familiale sur les décisions d'allocation de temps au travail à l'extérieur du foyer. Le premier contribue à la littérature récente traitant de l'effet de la fécondité sur les revenus et l'offre de travail des mères en examinant l'hétérogénéité de ces effets le long de la distribution de leurs salaires potentiels. Le second cherche à déterminer si l'augmentation de la disponibilité de services de garde d'enfants abordables fournis par des crèches subventionnées par les pouvoirs publics, et donc la diminution du coût implicite du travail à l'extérieur du domicile, permet aux parents, et en particulier aux mères de jeunes enfants, d'augmenter leur offre de travail et leurs revenus. Le troisième se concentre sur les conséquences de la vie familiale sur les systèmes de santé, en quantifiant la contribution de la parentalité à la diminution de l'offre de travail des infirmières au long de leurs carrières. Enfin, le dernier chapitre explore comment un changement brutal et permanent, ici le licenciement d'un des adultes de la famille, affecte la structure de l'avantage comparatif intra-familial et se répercute sur les relations familiales et l'offre de travail des autres membres
Keep Working and Spend Less? Collective Childcare and Parental Earnings in France
No full textI leverage the staggered expansion of subsidized childcare facilities across municipalities in response to a succession of national plans to investigate the effect of collective childcare on parents' labor outcomes and childcare choices in France between 2007 and 2015. These plans did not lead to any substantial change in parents' labor outcomes or in paid parental leave take-up. Instead, these collective childcare expansions crowded out more costly formal childcare solutions, such as childminders or at-home childcare. These crowding-out effects highlight a downside of family policy strategies that foster the coexistence of multiple childcare arrangements
Travailler autant en dépensant moins ? Les effets de l’accueil collectif du jeune enfant sur les revenus salariaux des parents
No full textI leverage the staggered expansion of subsidized childcare institutions across municipalities, induced by a succession of national plans, to investigate the effect of collective childcare on parents' labor outcomes and childcare choices in France between 2007 and 2015. These plans did not lead to any substantial change neither in the labor outcomes of parents nor in the take-up of paid parental leave. Instead, these collective childcare expansions crowded out more costly formal childcare solutions, such as childminders or at-home childcare. These crowding-out effects highlight a downside of family policy strategies that foster the coexistence of multiple childcare arrangements.Une série de plans nationaux destinés à augmenter la capacité des Établissements d'Accueil du Jeune Enfant (EAJE) a généré, dans certaines communes, des hausses soudaines, et survenant à des dates variables, de la capacité de ces établissements. Cela permet d'en identifier l'effet sur les revenus et l'offre de travail des parents, et leurs choix de mode de garde, entre 2007 et 2015. Ces plans n'ont affecté de façon significative ni les revenus salariaux des parents, ni le recours au congé parental. Ces solutions collectives se sont en revanche substituées aux assistantes maternelles et à la garde à domicile, plus coûteuses pour les familles. Cette substitution signale un écueil potentiel de politiques familiales qui soutiennent de multiples solutions d'accueil du jeune enfant
Travailler autant en dépensant moins ? Les effets de l’accueil collectif du jeune enfant sur les revenus salariaux des parents
No full textI leverage the staggered expansion of subsidized childcare institutions across municipalities, induced by a succession of national plans, to investigate the effect of collective childcare on parents' labor outcomes and childcare choices in France between 2007 and 2015. These plans did not lead to any substantial change neither in the labor outcomes of parents nor in the take-up of paid parental leave. Instead, these collective childcare expansions crowded out more costly formal childcare solutions, such as childminders or at-home childcare. These crowding-out effects highlight a downside of family policy strategies that foster the coexistence of multiple childcare arrangements.Une série de plans nationaux destinés à augmenter la capacité des Établissements d'Accueil du Jeune Enfant (EAJE) a généré, dans certaines communes, des hausses soudaines, et survenant à des dates variables, de la capacité de ces établissements. Cela permet d'en identifier l'effet sur les revenus et l'offre de travail des parents, et leurs choix de mode de garde, entre 2007 et 2015. Ces plans n'ont affecté de façon significative ni les revenus salariaux des parents, ni le recours au congé parental. Ces solutions collectives se sont en revanche substituées aux assistantes maternelles et à la garde à domicile, plus coûteuses pour les familles. Cette substitution signale un écueil potentiel de politiques familiales qui soutiennent de multiples solutions d'accueil du jeune enfant
Capítulo 2. El principio corporal
No full textEl análisis de los diferentes aspectos del pora ha permitido comprender que la existencia de cada Ser está fundamentada por un principio energético, cualquiera sea su estado o apariencia. Todo Ser nace con una determinada cantidad de pora que inmediatamente se genera de acuerdo a su entorno. Pero la existencia de uno supone otro ‘principio’, el del ma-ũ, que traducimos por ‘principio corporal’ y que cada uno posee por su nacimiento. Sin este principio no puede haber existencia. El ma-ũ funda ..
- …
