1,720,973 research outputs found
Confisquer pour redistribuer : la circulation de la grâce royale d'après l'exemple de la forfaiture de Pierre Remi (1328)
No full textInternational audienceWhen Philip VI ascended the throne, Pierre Remi, the treasurer of Charles IV and his trusted confidant, suffered the same fate as favorites before and since: condemned to death he was executed on 25 April 1328. Remi was a scapegoat: the new king sacrificed him in hopes of opening the way to political consensus, in order to regenerate the monarchy. Philip VI profited notably from the execution, seizing Remi’s immense fortune, of which he disposed in the next eight years, in 41 separate grants; and he barely kept any part of it. Three groups benefited from the royal grants: some creditors of the monarchy were thus paid a part of their dues; the counselors and the barons of the king were rewarded to their support for the new king; and eventually some modest servants, frequently employed at the royal hotel, were thanked by such gifts.The redistribution of Remi’s fortune may have responded to financial and political necessities, or may appear as free and useless grants. Whatever, it allowed the king to keep his role of patron over his servants. It also attested, throughout the kingdom, to the capacity of the new ruler for giving; a capacity essential to reign since gifts,along with judicial favor, constituted one of the two fundamentals of a royal government ruled by favor.Gifts and confiscations are two complementary forms of asset circulation. As the theory of the inalienability of the royal domain develops, both are made inseparable. The fallen favorites, like Pierre Remi, attest for that: they accumulate gifts from the king, they even monopolize them. But at their downfall, they are deprived of themfor the profit of some new beneficiaries of royal gifts. The king is overall the master of this circulation of wealth: it does not provide him with any material profit but allows him to regenerate constantly his power.À l’avènement de Philippe VI, Pierre Remi, trésorier et homme de confiance de Charles IV, subit le sort de nombre de favoris royaux : tombé en disgrâce et condamné à mort suite à un procès d’exception, il fut exécuté le 25 avril 1328. Philippe VI fit ainsi du favori de son prédécesseur un bouc émissaire ; par le sacrifice de celui-ci, le nouveau souverain travailla à créer un temps d’unanimité politique destiné à régénérer la monarchie.Le souverain tira aussi un profit matériel de cette exécution, puisqu’il mit la main sur l’immense fortune que Pierre Remi avait accumulée du temps de sa splendeur. Pourtant, il s’employa aussitôt à dilapider les biens ainsi acquis et, au terme de 41 actes répartis sur huit années, il n’en conserva presque rien. Trois groupes bénéficièrent de cette redistribution : des créanciers de la monarchie, ainsi payés d’une partie de leur dû ; des conseillers et des barons du roi, récompensés par des dons de leur soutien au nouveau roi ; et des serviteurs plus modestes, souvent issus del’hôtel royal, eux aussi remerciés par des libéralités.Que la redistribution des biens de Pierre Remi répondît à des nécessités financières et politiques ou qu’elle pût apparaître comme une dilapidation gratuite et inutile, elle permit au roi de tenir son rôle de patron auprès de ses serviteurs. Elle attesta même, à travers tout le royaume, la capacité à donner du nouveau souverain, capacitéessentielle pour régner dans la mesure où le don, avec la grâce judiciaire, constitue l’un des deux fondements du gouvernement royal par la grâce.Dons et confiscations constituent deux modalités complémentaires de circulation des biens et le développement de la théorie de l’inaliénabilité du domaine royal les rend indissociables. Les favoris déchus, comme Pierre Remi, l’attestent : accumulant les dons émanant du roi, voire les monopolisant, ils s’en voient à leur chute dépossédés au profit de nouveaux bénéficiaires des largesses royales. Le souverain, tout en étant le maître de cette circulation des biens, n’en tire pas de profit matériel. Mais il y régénère régulièrement son pouvoir
Magnetised Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the intermediate regime between subsonic and supersonic regimes
No full textThe understanding of the dynamics at play at the Earth's Magnetopause, the boundary separating the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind plasmas, is of primary importance for space plasma modeling. We focus our attention on the low latitude flank of the Magnetosphere where the velocity shear between the Magnetosheath and the Magnetospheric plasmas is the energetic source of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. On the shoulder of the resulting vortex chain, different secondary instabilities are at play depending on the local plasma parameters and compete with the vortex pairing process. Most important, secondary instabilities, among other magnetic reconnection, control the plasma mixing as well as the entry of solar wind plasma in the Magnetosphere.
We make use of a two-fluid model, including the Hall term and the electron mass in the generalized Ohm's law, to study the 2D non-linear evolution of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the Magnetosheath -- Magnetosphere interface, in the intermediate regime between subsonic and supersonic regimes. We study the saturation mechanisms, depending on the density jump across the shear layer and the magnetic field strength in the plane.
In the presence of a weak in-plane magnetic field, the dynamics of the Kelvin-Helmholtz rolled-up vortices self-consistently generates thin current sheets where reconnection instability eventually enables fast reconnection to develop. Such a system enables to study guide field multiple-island collisionless magnetic reconnection as embedded in a large-scale dynamic system, unlike the classical static, "ad hoc" reconnection setups. In this regime, reconnection is shown to inhibit the vortex pairing process. This study provides a clear example of nonlinear, cross-scale, collisionless plasma dynamics
Vlasov simulations of Langmuir Electrostatic Decay and consequences for Type III observations
No full textAbstract. The electrostatic decay enables energy transfer from a finite amplitude Langmuir to a backscattered daughter Langmuir wave and ion acoustic density fluctuations. This mechanism is thought to be a first step for the generation of type III solar radio emissions at twice the plasma frequency. The electrostatic decay is here investigated through Vlasov-Poisson simulations by considering Langmuir localized wave packets in the case Te = Tp. Simulation results are found to be in good agreement with recently reported observations from the STEREO mission of the electrostatic decay of beam-driven Langmuir waves during a type III burst
Vlasov-Poisson simulations of electrostatic parametric instability for localized Langmuir wave packets in the solar wind
No full textRecent observation of large-amplitude Langmuir waveforms during a type III event in the solar wind has been interpreted as the signature of the electrostatic decay of beam-driven Langmuir waves. This mechanism is thought to be a first step to explain the generation of type III radio emission. The threshold for this parametric instability in the typical solar wind condition has been investigated through 1D-1V Vlasov-Poisson simulations. We show that the amplitude of the observed Langmuir beatlike waveforms is of the order of the effective threshold computed from the simulations. The expected levels of associated ion acoustic density fluctuations have also been computed for comparison with observations
Low energy Langmuir cavitons: the asymptotic limit of weak turbulence
No full textLangmuir turbulence is an archetype of wave turbulence in plasma physics. By means of 1D-1V Vlasov-Poisson simulations, we show that coherent structures, called Langmuir cavitons, are generated by the long-time evolution of Langmuir weak-turbulence, thus illustrating the breakdown of a weak-turbulence regime. These structures correspond to an equilibrium between the pressure forces and the ponderomotive force resulting from high-frequency Langmuir oscillations. Langmuir cavitons are typical features of strong Langmuir turbulence expected to be generated at high energy and to saturate when Langmuir energy is of the order of the plasma thermal energy. Despite this wide-spread belief, here we observe that cavitons, emerging from weak Langmuir turbulence evolution, saturate at much lower energies. We show that these Langmuir coherent structures are characterized by a much larger length scale with respect to the Debye length. This gives evidence that “large” and “shallow” stable cavitons should be seen in space plasma observations. The transition toward strong turbulence is shown to be a consequence of an initial weak turbulent inverse cascade. Finally, the effective equation of state for ion acoustic oscillations is tested numerically from the kinetic model
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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