181,461 research outputs found
The word is a phrase, phonologically : evidence from Persian stress
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to provide a unified (i.e. independent of lexical categories) account of Persian stress. I show that by differentiating word- and phrase-level stress rules, one can account for the superficial differences exemplified in (1) above and many of the stipulations suggested by previous scholars. The paper is organized as follows. In section 1, I look at nouns and adjectives and propose a rule that would account for their stress pattern. In section 2, I extend the stress rule to verbs and show the problem this category poses to our generalization. The main proposal of this paper is discussed in section 3. I introduce the phrasal stress rule in Persian and show that by differentiating word-level and phrase-level stress rules, one can come to a unified account of Persian stress. Section 4 deals with some problematic eases for the proposed generalization and discusses some tentative solutions and their theoretical consequences. Section 5 concludes the paper
A syntactic and semantic study of the tense and aspect system of modern Persian
No full textA survey of previous shcolarship has shown that there is no satisfactory description of the tense and aspect system of Modern Persian. This dissertation is the first attempt to study the syntax and semantics of Modem Persian verb forms in the light of recent discussions of tense and aspect.
This study falls into six chapters. Chapter 0 reviews the literature on the tense and aspect system of Modern Persian and shows that the former treatments of Modern Persian tense-aspect forms are inaccurate and incomprehensive. They are inaccurate in that the characterizations presented therein for some of the Persian verb forms are wrong, and are incomprehensive in that they do not investigate the semantics of all of the Persian verb forms.
Chapter 1 is the study of the syntax of Persian verb forms, with special reference to verb formation.
Chapter 2 discusses the theoretical assumptions and the methodology.
Chapter 3 is an attempt to establish the meanings of the morphological markers of tense, i. e. the past tense marker /-D/ and the non-past tense marker /-0/, and to
investigate the temporal values of Modern Persian verb forms. This chapter defines the meaning of the past tense marker /D/ as indicating that there is a time point
subsequent to the time of the situation referred to which is the deictic centre of the context of the communication, and that of the non-past tense marker /0/ as the absence
of any time point subsequent to the time of the situation. The chapter also establishes that Modern Persian verb forms grammaticalize the semantic notions of anteriority, simultaneity and posteriority. The other major outcomes are as follows: the major tense split in Modern Persian as in many other languages is between the past and the non-past. The Modern Persian perfect forms are tense rather than aspectual categories.
Chapter 4 attempts to assign a single invariant meaning to each of the Modern Persian aspect markers (i. e. mi-, 0-, and be- ), and to investigate their interactions with other categories associated with the verb, i. e. with the categories of tense and Aktionsart. This chapter establishes that Modem Persian has three aspects: the perfective, the imperfective, and the progressive, and that the perfective markers O and be- present the situation referred to as a single unanalysable whole, the imperfective marker mi- presents the situation referred to as continuous at a given time
point, and finally the progressive auxiliary dash. t. oen 'have' presents the situation as in progress at a given time point. The chapter also illustrates that the imperfective and the progressive verb forms simply express the situation referred to as continuous and as in progress at a given time point, and as such are non-committal to the completion vs. the incompletion of the situation in question.
Finally, chapter 5 summarizes the results of the research and presents some notes with regard to the opportunities for further research
Elision of /h, ?/ in the Shirazi Dialect of Persian (SHDP): An Optimality Theory Based Analysis
No full textMnogi su se znanstvenici do danas bavili proučavanjem lenicije (oslabljivanja) kao jednog od najučestalijih fonoloških procesa. Elizija (ispuštanje) grkljanika (grkljanskog frikativa /h/ i grkljanskog prekidnika /?/) jedna je od najčešćih fonoloških alternacija u perzijskom Shirazi dijalektu (SHDP) koja je do danas, koliko je znanstvenicima poznato, neistražena. U radu se nastoje opisati činjenice o toj čestoj fonološkoj alternaciji u spomentom perzijskom regionalnom dijalektu te se naglašavaju osnovne razlike u nastupanju tih procesa u Shirazi dijalektu i standardnom perzijskom jeziku (SP). Analiza je rađena prema okviru optimalne teorije (Optimality theory) (McCarthy and Prince 1995., 2001.) prema kojoj su jezični oblici rezultat međudjelovanja prekršivih općih ograničenja. Istraživanjem se pokazalo da su spomenuti procesi brisanja suglasnika u Shirazi dijalektu ograničeni položajem u slogu te su uvjetovani položajem u kodi, između dvaju vokala ili u suglasničkom skupu. Uglavnom se ne ostvaruju u pristupu, iako postoje primjeri u kojima je gubljenje dopušteno i u pristupu naglašenog sloga. Stoga ovo istraživanje Shirazi dijalekt svrstava među jezike koji dopuštaju oslabljivanje u pristupu naglašenog sloga. Spomenuti procesi ispuštanja ne događaju se na početku riječi, a nakon ispuštanja grkljanika uvijek slijedi kompenzacijsko produljivanje (Compensatory lengthening – CL), čak i nakon ispuštanja u pristupu naglašenog sloga.Until recently, many researchers have shown interest in studying lenitions, which are examples of the most common universal types of phonological processes. Elision of laryngeals (glottal fricative /h/ and glottal stop /?/) is one of the most common phonological alternations exhibited in the Shirazi dialect of Persian (SHDP) which to the knowledge of the researchers, has not been studied to date. This paper seeks to provide a description of the facts about this common phonological alternation in the addressed regional dialect of Persian and points out some main differences between the behavior of these processes in SHDP and Standard Persian (SP). The analysis is cast in an Optimal Theoretic (OT) framework (McCarthy and Prince 1995, 2001), which holds that linguistic forms are the outcome of interaction among violable universal constraints. The present study shows that the addressed processes of consonant deletion in SHDP are restricted by syllabic position and are conditioned by coda position, intervocalic position or consonant clusters. They are usually blocked in the onset, but there are cases where reduction is allowed in the onset of the stressed syllable. Thus, the study adds SHDP to the list of languages which permit lenition in the onset of the stressed syllable. The addressed processes of elision are always blocked in word-initial position and laryngeal elision is always followed by Compensatory lengthening (CL), even after deletion from the onset of the stressed syllable
Persian Gulf security arrangements, with special reference to Iran's foreign policy
No full textThe aim of this study is to provide a conceptual and analytical foundation for a discussion about the future shape of security arrangements in the Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf is a regiion whose strategic and economic characteristics have strengthened its vital significance to all littoral states as well as the entire world's economy and political life. Its significant geopolitical situation, in addition to its dominant position as an energy source and gateway for global energy has caused this region to be a worthy rival to outside powers, particularly the West, while also being the most unstable and chaotic of any world region.
Therefore the objective of this thesis has been to provide a security model for the Persian Gulf that address the need for a stable and peaceful structure of relationships which will provide security for all individual littoral states, as well as assuring the interests of the external powers.
The thesis' hypothesis of cooperation as the only possible basis for a comprehensive strategy for peace and stability in this region has been substantiated by employing a variety of conceptual and analytical tools to understand the reasons for the failure of security models 'in the Persian Gulf and to confront the huge obstacles to a security system for this region. The relevance of this model is supported by the modem global political landscape, most especially the events that have occurred since the end of the 11 Cold War, in addition to various successful cooperation models that are to be found in other regions of the globe, e. g. the EU. This is assisted by the unprecedented opportunity for regional cooperation and the conditions for the creation of new security arrangements in the Persian Gulf and beyond that have been created since the downfall of Saddam's regime in 2003, which was one of the major elements of
insecurity in this region.
To this end, this study has analysed various security models in this significant geopolitical region in the world since 1962, with special reference to Iran's foreign policy. Particular reference has been made to Iran because of its geostrategic and geopolitical situation and as the hegemonic power in the Persian Gulf, which regardless its political regimes, it has great national and security concerns and plays a determinant role in peace and security of the region.
With emphasis on dialogue as the best solution to the regional security problems in the Persian Gulf, this study has come up with a pyramid security model on the basis of the region's geopolitical realities which emphasisesth e need for domestic reforms as well as interaction and cooperation and a balance of interests between all regional and non-regional players
Persian Historical Works Written in South Asia
No full textWorks in Sanskrit that deal with governance and ethics are an important repository for moral precepts of kingship. Classic examples of this form of political advice literature, recounted through the fables of animals, are the Pañcatantra and the Hitopadeśa. In various recensions and myriad translations, these works spread throughout Asia. Authors writing in Arabic and Persian displayed a fascination for these texts, beginning significantly with the work of Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (d. ca. 139/756) and his famous translation, Kalīla wa-Dimna. This article treats
the transmission of Sanskrit advice literature in the early modern period into Persian and Rekhta. It considers how this literature was translated in the contexts of Muslim imperial and British colonial rule, and asks what it reveals about the relationship between language, knowledge, and politics in South Asia
First record of two hard coral species (Faviidae and Siderastreidae) from Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf, Iran)
No full textAbstrak. Moradi M, Kamrani E, Shokri MR, Ranjbar MS, Hesni MA (2009) Rekaman pertama dua spesies karang keras (Faviidae dan
Siderastreidae) dari Pulau Qeshm (Teluk Persia, Iran). Nusantara Bioscience 2: 34-37. Dua jenis karang keras termasuk Cyphastrea
chalcidicum (Forskal 1775) (Faviidae) dan Coscinaraea monile (Forskal 1775) (Siderastreidae) dikumpulkan dari selatan Pulau Qeshm
(Teluk Persia, Iran) pada akhir tahun 2008. Spesies ini sebelumnya dilaporkan terdapat di Teluk Persia selatan, Teluk Aden, Afrika
Tenggara dan Indo-Pasifik. Tinjauan literatur pada distribusi kedua jenis mengungkapkan bahwa spesies ini pertama kali tercatat dari
Teluk Persia. Temuan ini semakin menunjukkan tingginya keragaman fauna karang di perairan Iran di bagian utara Teluk Persia.
Kata kunci: catatan pertama, Coscinaraea monile, Cyphastrea chalcidicum, Qeshm island, Persian gulf
Recommended from our members
An assessment of Gulf States’ perceptions of US hegemony and security in the Persian/Arabian Gulf
No full textThis thesis assesses the Gulf states’ perceptions towards US hegemony security in the Persian/Arabian Gulf. A number of questions are asked regarding security and stability in the Gulf, the tools, means and objectives of the USA in the region, regional powers and their role in achieving stability in the Gulf. Special references is given to the perspectives of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, Iraq and Iran regarding regional security, stability, the role of US hegemony, and their roles in building a new security system in the region. Moreover questions addressed include the occupation of Iraq by the USA and how it has impacted the Gulf region and the capabilities of the Gulf states to build a regional security system independent of US protection. The aim of this study is to provide a conceptual foundation for a discussion about the future shape of security and stability arrangements in the Gulf. Secondly, this research aims to analyse the role of the USA in the regional security complex, its key interests in the region, and its means to achieving its objectives there. Finally, this thesis examines the perceptions of the GCC states, Iraq and Iran toward the role of the USA and its hegemony in the Gulf. Furthermore, this research project also aims to study the failure of the region's states to develop a regional security regime and their perceptions of this failure
The role of the Persian Gulf’s natural gas reserves for the European Union’s energy security
No full textAbstract
Energy, as a matter of security, is the major challenge during the 21st century. The energy mix in the world will change in the future, predominantly to renewable energy sources, followed by natural gas. Nevertheless, the latter will act as the bridge for the transitional era to the non–hydrocarbon period.
The EU will be the foremost gas importer by 2030 and the rate of LNG imports will double by 2020. The UK, France, Spain and Italy are the main EU entries for LNG imports and approximately 80% of the regional terminals are located in these countries importing 87% of the Union LNG needs. Obviously, the mentioned EU member states will be more influential for the regional energy security in the future.
Diversification of LNG routes and suppliers is an important objective in the EU’s energy policy and its security of supply. For this reason, it has already been at the top of the EU’s agenda.
The Persian Gulf, as the gas richest area worldwide, holds 40% of global gas reserves. Iran and Qatar, as the potential and actual LNG suppliers, embrace nearly 30% global gas deposits or 75% of Middle East reserves. So, this low–cost/ high–risk region could be influential on the EU’s energy security in the future.
Therefore, in the current multi–level analysis consisting of the EU and the Persian Gulf, as the macro and micro levels, the role of the natural gas within the Persian Gulf for the energy security of the EU will be examined. The research, furthermore, aims to analyse the role of the actual Qatari LNG and potential Iranian LNG on the UK, France, Spain and Italy in the future.
This multiple–case study centres on a comparison of different actual and potential LNG suppliers towards the EU, on the basis of testing the four indicators of the energy security, comprising acceptability, availability, affordability, and accessibility. It will finally to determine the position of the Persian Gulf and its main regional LNG suppliers in the future amongst the main global exporters.
Positioned in the intersection of the Persian Gulf and the EU, the existing dissertation pursues a multi–level explanation and analysis of energy–related issues of the both regions and their case–studies domestically, regionally and to lesser extent globally.
In parallel, the study is a detailed examination of the emerging gas and LNG–related challenges and vulnerabilities in addition to investigate the security of LNG supply–related issues, approaches, and policies of the EU and the main suppliers, particularly within the Persian Gulf
Cultural semantics of the ‘salt’ word in Persian
No full textThis article explicates the cultural conceptualizations of the word for salt (namak) in Persian. The concept of namak reveals an important aspect of Persian sociality, hospitality, mutual respect, and playfulness. For instance, a person’s face or words can be perceived to ‘have salt’, or one’s hand is declared to ‘not have salt’ in the Persian language. To examine the conceptualization of namak, this article makes use of corpus data as well as the metalanguage proposed by Natural Semantic Metalanguage to spell out the nuances of salt-related cultural concepts in Persian. Three senses are identified for namak from a historical perspective: namak 0 for the substance of salt; namak 1 the cornerstone of Iranian sociality and hospitality; and namak 2 the pleasantness, which has changed its semantic content from referring to being pleasant and eloquent to being amusing and playful.Full Tex
In search of Xerxes: images of the Persian king
No full textThe figure of Xerxes, the Persian king who invaded Greece in 480 BC, is known to us primarily through Greek sources and the western inheritors of the Greek tradition. Little Persian evidence from Xerxes' reign survives and our perceptions are, therefore, informed by the image of the king constructed by his enemies whose experience of the Persian Wars was a key moment in their own selfdefinition. As a result, Xerxes is perceived as the antithesis of all that the Greeks represented: the barbarian despol, a figure to be both feared and mocked. This leads to the marginalisation - both literal and symbolic - of the king even in sources where we might expect him to play a key role in the Persian Wars narrative. My thesis examines the creation and perpetuation of a cultural repertoire within which Xerxes is othered and deprived of a subjective voice. After an examination of the scant Persian evidence for Xerxes' rcign, it considers the Greek sources of the fifth and fourth centuries BC, beginning with Acschylus and Herodotus and moving into di scussion of the diverse presentations of Timotheus, Ctesias and the orators and philosophers of fourth-century Athens. Later Greek sources - primarily Diodorus and Josephus - are then studied, before an analysis of the Xerxes-traditions in Roman thought. Finally the figure of Xerxes in Greek writing of the second sophistic period is considered
- …
