1,720,997 research outputs found
Inicjatywa ludowa jako instrument polityki migracyjnej w Szwajcarii
Full text linkThe main aim of this article was to present the popular initiatives in Switzerland concerning migration. The initiatives were presented in chronological order and analysed from historical and current perspectives, starting from 1968 with the initiative “Anti-foreign empire” through 2018 with “For the moderated immigration (initiative of limitation)”. The article focuses mainly on initiatives held in the 21st century, as they were accepted by the people and led to changes of the Federal Constitution. The main research question is whether Swiss citizens may use popular initiative as an effective instrument influencing migration policy. The main hypothesis is that the popular initiative may be an effective instrument influencing migration policy. The author used the dogmatic method as the research method which refers to the analysis of the legislation and academic literature, based on library searches made in Switzerland. The article presents the main arguments of the initiator as well as the immigration situation, which was always a background for developing the idea. As the article focuses mostly on the initiative “Stop mass immigration” it presents in detail the arguments that encouraged people to vote in favour. Those arguments referred to e.g. real estate market, natural environment, labour market, social security, Swiss identity, culture and religion, criminality and asylum. The author also analysed the implementation of initiatives and attempts to answer the question whether the amendment of the Federal Constitution was effective.Głównym celem artykułu było przedstawienie inicjatyw ludowych w Szwajcarii dotyczących migracji. Inicjatywy zostały przedstawione w porządku chronologicznym i poddane analizie z perspektywy historycznej: począwszy od 1968 r. i inicjatywy „Przeciwko zagranicznemu imperium”, do inicjatywy z 2018 r. – „Dla umiarkowanej imigracji (inicjatywa ograniczająca)”. Skoncentrowano się głównie na inicjatywach, które miały miejsce w XXI w., ponieważ zostały zaakceptowane przez naród i doprowadziły do zmian w Konstytucji Federalnej. Główne pytanie badawcze brzmi następująco: Czy obywatele Szwajcarii mogą wykorzystać inicjatywę ludową jako skuteczny instrument wpływający na politykę migracyjną? Z kolei główna hipoteza zakłada, że inicjatywa popularna może być skutecznym instrumentem wpływającym na politykę migracyjną. Autorka zastosowała metodę dogmatyczną jako metodę badawczą. Dokonano analizy ustawodawstwa i literatury naukowej w oparciu o kwerendy biblioteczne przeprowadzone w Szwajcarii. W artykule opisano główne argumenty wnioskodawców oraz sytuację imigracyjną, która zawsze była podstawą do wystąpienia z inicjatywą. Najwięcej uwagi poświecono inicjatywie „Stop masowej imigracji”, przedstawiając szczegółowo argumenty wnioskodawców, które miały zachęcić społeczeństwo do jej poparcia. Były to argumenty dotyczące wpływu imigracji m.in. na rynek nieruchomości, środowisko naturalne, rynek pracy, zabezpieczenie społeczne, szwajcarską tożsamość, kulturę i religię oraz przestępczość i azyl. Analizie poddano również realizację inicjatywy i podjęto próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy zmiana Konstytucji Federalnej była skuteczna
Nielegalna migracja w Europie – aspekty prawne i kryminologiczne
Full text linkIt the time of actual discussion on illegal migration in Europe it is important to analyze which behaviors constitutes the phenomenon. Therefore the first part of the article indicates the behaviors that are called the illegal migration. They are: illegal border crossing, use of fraudulent documents or illegal stay. Author made the legal analysis trying to state if those acts are forbidden by law, especially referring to Polish criminal and administrative law. The second part presents the dynamics and structure of phenomenon in the period of last five years. The structure presents the nationalities of immigrants and the routes leading to Europe.W dobie aktualnej dyskusji nad problemem nielegalnej migracji w Europie warto pochylić się nad analizą zachowań stanowiących ten proceder. Stąd też pierwsza część artykułu została poświęcona wskazaniu zachowań, które ogólnie nazywane są nielegalną migracją. Są to przekroczenie granicy wbrew przepisom, posługiwanie się fałszywym dokumentem czy nielegalny pobyt. Podjęto prawną analizę tych zachowań celem wskazania, czy stanowią one naruszenie prawa – szczególnie prawa polskiego. W drugiej części artykułu przybliżono fenomen zjawiska ukazując jego dynamikę w ostatnich pięciu latach, jak również jego strukturę w odniesieniu do form wskazanych w części pierwszej
Criminality by foreign nationals in poland and the state’s legal response
Full text linkThe aim of the article is to determine the scale and structure of, and changes in crime in Poland based on the statistics of the Police and the Border Guard. Although the foreign population in Poland is small in comparison with other European Union countries, the crime by foreigners is a phenomenon which, according to statistical data and media reports, is growing. Therefore, the aim of the article is to verify the scale of the phenomenon and the potential threat it entails. The discussion of the crime phenomenon is supplemented by an analysis of legal solutions adopted in Poland in recent years to prevent crime by foreigners. They are mainly the result of the implementation of the European Union and Council of Europe law. The author makes an attempt to verify whether the adopted legal solutions are reasonable and proportionate to the scale of the threat.O objetivo do artigo consiste em determinar a escala, estrutura e mudanças da criminalidade na Polónia, com base em estatísticas da polícia e da guarda de fronteiras. Apesar da população de estrangeiros na Polónia ser pequena em comparação com a de outros países da União Europeia, o crime praticado por estrangeiros é um fenómeno que, de acordo com os dados estatísticos e relatórios dos media, está a crescer. Deste modo, o objetivo do artigo é o de verificar a escala do fenómeno e a potencial ameaça que representa. A discussão sobre o fenómeno do crime é acompanhada por uma análise das soluções legais adotadas na Polónia nos últimos anos para prevenir o crime praticado por estrangeiros. Elas resultam principalmente da implementação do Direito da União Europeia e do Conselho da Europa. A autora tenta verificar se as soluções legais adotadas são razoáveis e proporcionais face à escala da ameaça
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Popular Initiative as an Instrument of Criminal Policy Towards Foreigners in Switzerland
Full text linkThe article presents the proceedings of the popular initiative „Expulsion of foreign citizens” that was launched by Swiss People’s Party. The initiative aimed in contributing to internal security threatened by the criminality of foreigners in Switzerland by the controversial idea of expulsion of foreign criminals. The author presents the main idea and arguments of the Swiss People’s Party. The paper presents the background of the initiative and its development. In this case even a counter-proposal was prepared by the Federal Council. The whole process led to the final stage that was the adding of 4 extra paragraphs to art. 121 of Federal Constitution in 2010. The case of this initiative presents how vulnerable society can be to popular arguments not necessary confirmed by scientific research. In consequence of this amendment the expulsion obligation was introduced into Swiss criminal Code. It was a new penal measure that as a rule is obligatory. Some exceptions are possible under extraordinary circumstances. This federal regulation is strict and poses an important question concerning even the violation of human [email protected] Perkowska – Dr, holds a PhD degree in law and teaches at the Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, Poland. Her areas of interest concern: criminal law, criminology (with special emphasis on the foreigners’ criminality, border criminality, Swiss criminal law). She was junior scholar at Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Bern, Switzerland in 2009. She is the author of about 70 publications. In 2014 she received a prestigious scholarship from the Ministry of Science and higher education for young scholars. She was
the main researcher in the scientific project: “SIC – Modular multi-task Foreigner Identification System with a module for analysis of human trafficking crime victims.”University of BialystokAleksandrowicz M., System prawny Szwajcarii: historia i współczesność, Białystok 2009.Arrêté du Conseil federal constatant le résultat de la votation populaire du 28 novembre 2010.Asylum Act of 26 June 1998, CO 142.31.Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms from 4 of November 1950.Czeszejko-Sochacki Z., Referendum i inicjatywa ludowa w systemie politycznym Konfederacji Szwajcarskiej, “Studia Prawnicze” 1989, no. 2/3.Dupuis M., Moreillon L., Piquet C., Berger S., Mazou M., Rodigari V., Code pénal, Bâle 2017.Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration of 16 December 2005, Co 142.20.Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of April 18, 1999, SR 101.Federal Decree of 18 June 2010, Federal Council Decree of 17 March 2011, AS 20111199.Federal Statistical Office, Switzerland’s population 2016, Neuchâtel 2017.L’expulsion judiciaire des étranger sen Suisse: La récidive et auteurs lié à ce phénomène, Criminoscope 2009, no. 41, p. 4.Gafner M., Personnes de nationalité étrangère, délinquance et renvoi: Une double peine?, “Revue de droit Administratif et de droit Fiscal” 2007, no. 1.Grabowska S., Inicjatywa ludowa w sprawie przeprowadzenia ogólnokrajowego referendum wpływającego na ustawodawstwo (na przykładzie uregulowań szwajcarskich, włoskich i polskich), “Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska” Lublin-Polonia 2003/2004, Vol. L/LI.Haller W., The Swiss Constitution in Comparative Context, St Gallen 2016.https://www.bk.admin.chInitiative populaire fédérale “Pour le renvoi des étrangers criminels (initiative sur le renvoi)” Examen préliminaire FG 2007.Jann B., Herkunft und Kriminalität- Ergebnisse der polizeilichen Kriminalstatistik, (in) D. Fink, Kuhn A., Schwarzenegger C., Migration, Kriminalität und Strafrecht: Fakten und Fiktion, Migration, criminalité et droitpénal: mythes et réalité, Berne, 2013.Killias M., Immigrants, Crime, and Criminal Justice in Switzerland, Crime and Justice, Ethnicity, Crime and Immigration: Comparativeand Cross-National Perspectives 1997, vol. 21.Kunz K. L., Criminalité des étrangers en Suisse. Problematique et tentative d’explication, (in:) Procédure pénale et exécution des peines: la questions des étrangers, Caritas Suisse, Compte–rendus 1989, no. 1.Lutz G., Inicjatywa obywatelska jako metoda kontroli politycznej w Szwajcarii, (in:) M. Góra, M. Koźbiał (eds.) Demokracja bezpośrednia. Szwajcarska demokracja bezpośrednia modelem dla XXI wieku?, Warszawa 2011.Kużelewska E., Do the Swiss not want to join the EU? Swiss referenda on European integration, “Przegląd Politologiczny” 2013, no. 3, pp. 85-97.Kużelewska E., Referendum w procesie integracji europejskiej, Warszawa 2006.Kużelewska E., Udział szwajcarskiego Zgromadzenia Federalnego w postępowaniach referendalnych, (in:) T. Mołdawa, J. Zaleśny (eds.), Parlamentaryzm w świecie współczesnym: między ideą a rzeczywistością, Warszawa 2011, pp. 308-325.Marczewska-Rytko M., Inicjatywa ludowa i referendum w Szwajcarii w latach 2000–2010, “Polityka i Społeczeństwo” 2012, no. 9.Message concernant l’initiative populaire “Pour le renvoi des étrangers criminels (initiative sur le renvoi)» et la modifi cation de la loi fédérale sur les étrangers FG 4571.Message concernant une modifi cation du code pénal et du code pénal militaire (Miseen oeuvre de l’art. 121, al. 3 à 6, Cst. relatif au renvoi des étrangers criminels), CO 13.056.Musiał-Karg M., Czym jest demokracja bezpośrednia? (in:) M. Rachwał (ed.), Uwarunkowania i mechanizmy partycypacji politycznej, Poznań 2017.Myślak E., System polityczny Konfederacji Szwajcarskiej, Kraków 2014.Myślak-Bodek E., Natura demokracji Szwajcarskiej. Formy aktywności obywatelskiej, “Państwo i Społeczeństwo” 2006, no. 1.Official website of the Swiss People’s Party https://www.udc.ch/Perkowska M., Criminality by foreign nationals in Switzerland – criminological approach, Białystok 2019, fortcoming.Rapport du groupe de travail pour la mise en oeuvre des nouvelles dispositions constitutionnelles sur l’expulsion des étrangers criminels à l’intention du Département fédéral de justice et police, Berne 2011.Rycerska I., Demokracja bezpośrednia, (in:) T. Branecki, M. Gołoś, K. Krzywińska (eds.), Konfederacja Szwajcarii, Toruń 2014.Sabina G., Inicjatywa ludowa w sprawie zmiany konstytucji na przykładzie Konfederacji Szwajcarskiej, “Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego” 2004 Prawo, no. 2.Statistique policière de la criminalité (SPC), Rapport annuel 2015, Neuchâtel 2016.Steiner S., Häusliche Gewalt, Migrationshintergrund und Strafverfolgung, (in) D. Fink, A. Kuhn, C. Schwarzenegger (eds.), Migration, Kriminalität und Strafrecht: Fakten und Fiktion,
Migration, criminalité et droit pénal: mythes et réalité, Berne, 2013.Swiss Criminal Code of 21 December 1937, Co 311.0.Union démocratique du centre, Oui à l’initiative populaire pour le renvoi des étrangers criminels (initiative sur le renvoi). Argumentaire pour la votationdu 28 novembre 2010.Vatter A., Demokracja bezpośrednia w Szwajcarii, historia, debaty i skutki, (in:) M. Góra, M. Koźbiał (eds.), Demokracja bezpośrednia. Szwajcarska demokracja bezpośrednia modelem dla XXI
wieku?, Warszawa 2011.24110512
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Changes in Swiss Criminal Legislation Concerning Crimes of Corruption
Full text linkZdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy SONB/SP/512497/2021Changes in Swiss criminal law concerning the penalization of corruption have been chosen as main topic of the article. The first part deals with, description of shortcomings of Swiss criminal law in the field of corruption. Then the first part describes the danger of corruption in Switzerland comparing it also with Polish statistics. The second part describes penal Swiss regulations penalizing the different forms of corruption with some comparisons to Polish criminal regulationsMagdalena Perkowska graduated in 2004 from the Faculty of Law University in Białystok (Poland) writing her master thesis on Combating money laundering in Polish and Swiss law. The interest in Swiss law comes from one year scholarship at the Law Faculty of University of Fribourg in Switzerland. She continues doctoral studies in Department of Criminal Law - Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology since 2006 and preparing doctoral thesis on criminality of foreigners crossing Polish eastern border. She has been interested in criminal law and criminology. She is the author of several publications. She contributed in a number of conferences.Arzt G. „Nowe prawo antykorupcyjne w Szwajcarii” [New anticorruption law in Switzerland], Jurysta [Jurist]. 7/8 (2001).Cassani U. “Le droit pénal suisse face à la corruption des fonctionnaires” [The Swiss criminal law on corruption of public offi cials], Pladoyer – Revue Juridique et Politique [Juridical and political review]. 3/1997.Cesoni M. L. “Faut-il crier à la corruption?” [Is it necessary to warn about corruption?], Plädoyer – Revue Juridique et Politique. 4/2000.Corboz B. Les principales infractions en droit suisse. Vol II. [The main infractions in the Swiss law]. Bern: Staempfl i Editions SA, 2002.Heine G., Huber B., Rose T. O. Private Commercial Bribery. A Comparison of National and Supranational Legal Structures. Freiburg, 2003.Górski A., Sakowicz A., ed. Zwalczanie przestępstw w Unii Europejskiej. Współpraca sądowa i policyjna w sprawach karnych. [Fighting crime in the European Union. Judicial and police cooperation in criminal cases]. Warszawa, 2006.Héritier A. Lachat. “La corruption, le droit civil, le droit de la concurrence et le droit fiscal» [Corruption, the civil law, the law on competition, and the fi scal law]. Pladoyer – Revue Juridique et Politique. 3/1997.Killias M, Ribeaud D. “La corruption, Nouvelles évidence à la lumière de recherches quantitatives” [Corruption, new evidence in the light of quantitative research], Criminoscope. 4 (1999).Kistler B. «La corruption des agents publics – un phénomène en progression?» [Corruption of public officials – a growing phenomenon?]. L’expert comptable suisse [The Swiss expert accountant]. 1-2 (2001).Makarewicz J. Kodeks karny z komentarzem [Penal law with commentary]. Lwów, 1936.Nowak C. Dostosowanie prawa polskiego do instrumentów międzynarodowych dotyczących korupcji. Raport. Program Przeciw Korupcji [Adjusting the Polish law to meet the requirements of the international instruments on corruption. A report. A program against corruption]. Warszawa: Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego [Stefan Batory Foundation], 2004.Queloz N. “Le problème de la corruption en droit pénal Suisse, en particulier dans le domaine de la construction” [The problem of corruption in the Swiss penal code, especially in the construction branch]. Rèvue Pénal Suisse [Swiss Criminal Review], 115 (1997).Queloz N., Borghi M., Cessoni M. L. Processus de corruption en Suisse [The proces of corruption in Switzerland]. Bâle-Genève-Munich: Helbing & Lichtenstahn, 2000.Queloz N. «Compléments récents apportés au droit pénal suisse de la corruption et développements relatifs aux relations entre juges et partis politiques» [Recent amendments in the Swiss criminal law on corruption and developments concerning relations between judges and political parties]. Justice – Justiz – Giustizia. 3 (2006).Spotowski A. Przestępstwa służbowe, nadużycia służbowe i łapownictwo [Official crime, official abuse, and bribery]. Warszawa, 1972.Surkont M. Łapownictwo [Bribery]. Warszawa, 1999.Wąsek A. Kodeks karny. Część szczególna. Tom II. Komentarz do artykułów 222-316 [Penal code. The detailed part. Volume II. A commentary to articles 222-316]. CH-Beck, 2006, 3rd edition.Zoll A., ed. Kodeks karny, część szczególna. Komentarz. Tom II. [Penal code, the detailed part. Commentary. Volume II]. Kraków, 2006.Zielińska E., ed. Dokumenty karne. Prawo Wspólnot Europejskich a Prawo Polskie [Penal documentation. The laws of the European Communities and the law of Poland]. Warszawa: IWS, 2000.W kręgu teorii i praktyki prawa karnego. Księga pamiątkowa poświęcona pamięci profesora Andrzeja Wąska. [In the circle of theory and practice of criminal law. A commemorative book dedicated to the memory of Professor Andrzej Wąsek], Lublin, 2005.Transparency International. Global Corruption Report 2006. London: Pluto Press, 2006.Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2007. Corruption in judicial system.Conseil fédéral [Federal Council]. Rapport et avant-projet relatifs à l’adhésion de la Suisse à la Convention pénale du Conseil de l’Europe sur la corruption [A report and draft on the adoption by Switzerland of the Criminal Law Convention of the Council of Europe on corruption]. Bern: August 2003.Message du Conseil fédéral suisse du 19 avril 1999 concernant la modification du code pénal suisse et du code penal militaire (révision des dispositions pénales applicables à la corruption) et l’adhésion de la Suisse à la Convention sur la lutte contre la corruption d’agents publics étrangers dans les transactions [Message of the Federal Council of 19 April 1999 on amendments to the Swiss military penal code (revision of penal measures for corruption) and the adoption by Switzerland of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions].42544
Review of the Border Crime Prevention and Combating System
Full text linkThe paper aims to review the legal solutions, mainly within the statutory powers of the Border Guard (BG) services, meant to ensure an efficient system of combating and preventing border crime. Statutory powers and prerogatives vested in the Border Guard service are deemed sufficient in terms of implementing its statutory objectives. It is important that in dealing with illegal immigration BG officers have the right to carry out operational reconnaissance and a range of monitoring tasks. BG officers also regard their scope of statutory prerogatives as sufficient, which was corroborated by their opinions voiced during the interviews. The interviewees, officers on duty on both the Polish internal section of the EU border and the external EU border section, carrying out the actual checks at the border checkpoints, as well as serving in the operational and investigative division indicated that their present powers and prerogatives are sufficient and allow them to conduct the preliminary investigative proceedings effectively, as well as collect pertinent material evidence as needed. The author advocates establishing a special border checks regime at the Polish- -Lithuanian border, pursuant to the concept of EU border protection, as implied by the provisions of Article 67, Section 3, of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, envisaging that the European Union shall endeavour to ensure a high level of security through appropriate crime-prevention measures, since Lithuania’s external borders appear to be insufficiently secured. In line with the concept of a bolishing internal border checks, most of the financial resources, including those originating in the aid funds designed to facilitate border security and prevent illegal migration, are allocated to the external borders. As far as the border section with Lithuania is concerned, more direct financial support should be allocated down there, with a view to facilitating the use of the latest technologies in the area of law enforcement and combating border crime beyond the border crossing itself. Besides, the appraisal of the situation on this section of the border, due to its particular status, leads to the conclusion that it would be prudent to collect statistical data on border crime along the Polish section of the EU inner border, whilst operationally dividing its length into the sections bordering with the respective EU countries. This would effectively reveal the scale and the actual dynamics of border crime along these sections, as well as facilitate preventing it more effectively. In view of the extensive use being routinely made of numerous documents like an invitation to trade cooperation, an invitation to a cultural event, etc. in order to obtain the Schengen visas, whereas in fact the true the purpose of entering the country is purely commercial, or for outright smuggling purposes, it might be prudent to consider issuing the singleentry visas. Since the ostensible purpose of a foreign national’s entry into the Schengen area, in conformity with his/her own declaration, is to attend a single cultural event or a single meeting, it is totally unjustified to grant him the permit to cross the border and stay abroad for 90 days within a half-year period. This would effectively allow to at least partially eliminate obtaining visas for other purposes than the declared ones. The introduction of the VIS system for the citizens of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine might well be deemed a success. The system will facilitate eliminating the practice of having one’s personal data altered and applying for brand new documents and brand new visas for persons already covered by a temporary ban on entry into Poland, as provided by Article 318 of the Foreign Nationals Act. In the author’s view, Poland should not yield under the barrage of complaints expressed by the visitors and continue to collect fingerprints upon the issuance of visas, and when crossing the state border. This facilitates the detection of offenders making use of the ‘look-alike’ method when passing through a border checkpoint and producing another person’s ID. The VIS system makes an essential contribution to combating illegal migration effectively
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