1,720,955 research outputs found
OPPOSITION CANDIDACY AND ELECTORAL POLITICS IN TANZANIA: THE CASE OF ZITTO ZUBERI KABWE
Full text linkIn an electoral environment where the playing field is highly contested, it is pertinent to learn how opposition candidates win elections. This narrative case study draws from observation of parliamentary elections in Kigoma North and Kigoma Urban constituencies in Tanzania to demonstrate how the opposition candidate maneuvered to outcompete candidates of the ruling party. It reveals that winning elections involves preparations for real or perceived electoral fraud. The paper uncovers practical strategies that opposition candidates’ in Tanzania use to counter election fraud and the challenges they are likely to face. These findings reinforce existing research on electoral integrity
Vietos valdžios gebėjimai Rytų Afrikoje
No full textEast Africa which traditionally consisted of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania has practised a system of centralisation for several decades following independence. This had the effect of weakening institutions resulting in them being incapable of delivering services. The capacity issues are critical as the lack of professional staff is a challenge. The meagre allocations to the development budget implies that there is limited or no development. Local government has in this context broad experienced financial and staffing challenges and lacked autonomy to make decisions. The underdevelopment of the rural areas relative to infrastructure is a challenge and there has to be rural transformation in this regard. New Public Management has influenced reform strategies and more specifically decentralisation. The reform strategies did impact positively on implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, the quest for a sound economy and a reduction in poverty levels is yet to materialise. Despite these challenges, East Africa is comparatively better off than the other regions on the Continent.Rytų Afrika, kurią sudaro Kenija, Uganda ir Tanzanija, kelis dešimtmečius po nepriklausomybės vystė centralizuotą sistemą. Visa tai susilpnino institucijas ir to padariniu tapo jų negebėjimas teikti paslaugas. Gebėjimų problemoms tenka kritinis vaidmuo pirmiausia dėl profesionalaus personalo trūkumo. Skurdūs biudžeto asignavimai sąlygoja ribotą vystymąsi arba net jo nebuvimą. Vietos valdžia šiame kontekste patiria finansinius ir personalo trūkumo iššūkius ir stokoja autonomijos priimti sprendimus. Kaimiškųjų rajonų neišsivystymas infrastruktūros atžvilgiu yra iššūkis ir reikalauja kaimiškųjų rajonų transformacijos. Naujoji viešoji vadyba veikė reformos strategijas ir dar labiau decentralizaciją. Reformų strategijos teigiamai paveikė Tūkstanmečio vystymosi tikslų įgyvendinimą. Tačiau sveikos ekonomikos paieškos ir skurdo lygio sumažinimas vis dar turi materializuotis. Nepaisant šių iššūkių Rytų Afrika yra palyginti geresnėje būklėje nei kiti Afrikos žemyno regionai
Do hegemonic-party regimes reward or punish voters? A tale of distributive politics in Tanzania
Full text linkDoes resource allocation by the central government to local governments in Tanzania favour opposition or the ruling party's strongholds? The literature advances two opposing theories - electoral competition and hegemonic party hypotheses. We use unique data on fiscal transfers and human resource allocations to investigate the effect of electoral support on government allocations. Contrary to the two hypotheses, we find no political bias in fiscal resources transferred to local governments. Similarly, we find no strong evidence to suggest any political bias in human resource allocation. On the whole, neither does the evidence confirm nor conclusively disconfirm the two hypotheses. The findings imply that hegemonic-parties do not necessarily opt for a discriminative strategy in intergovernmental resource allocations even after facing a threatening opposition. Flexibility in autocratic menu and the path dependence of government's social policy are likely to explain this kind of hegemonic party's allocative behaviour.Begünstigt die Mittelzuweisung der Zentralregierung an die Lokalregierungen in Tansania die Opposition oder die Hochburgen der Regierungspartei? In der Literatur werden zwei gegensätzliche Theorien vertreten: die Hypothese des Wahlwettbewerbs und die der hegemonialen Partei. Um die Auswirkungen von Wählerunterstützung Regierungszuweisungen zu untersuchen, verwenden wir exklusive Daten über fiskalische Transfers und die Zuweisung von Humanressourcen. Im Gegensatz zu den beiden Hypothesen stellen wir keine politische Verzerrung bei der Zuweisung von Steuermitteln an lokale Regierungen fest. Auch bei der Zuweisung von Humanressourcen gibt es keine eindeutigen Hinweise auf eine politische Verzerrung. Alles in allem lassen sich die beiden Hypothesen weder bestätigen noch eindeutig widerlegen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass hegemoniale Parteien nicht notwendigerweise bei der zwischenstaatlichen Ressourcenzuteilung diskriminieren, selbst wenn sie mit einer drohenden Opposition konfrontiert sind. Flexibilität in autokratischen Angeboten und die Pfadabhängigkeit der Sozialpolitik der Regierung erklären wahrscheinlich das Allokationsverhalten dieser Art von hegemonialen Parteien
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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