123 research outputs found
Piguet, Marie-France, Individualisme. Une enquête sur les sources du mot
No full textpeer reviewedReview of Marie-France Piguet's work on the appearance and evolution of the word "individualism" during the 19th century. The author also analyzes the links of synonymy and antonymy that the word shares with other related words such as individuality, selfishness, isolation and association.Compte-rendu sur l'ouvrage de Marie-France Piguet consacré à l'apparition et à l'évolution du mot "individualisme" au cours du XIXe siècle. L'auteure analyse également les liens de synonymie et d’antonymie que le mot entretient avec d'autres mots proches comme individualité, égoïsme, isolement et association
Environmental change and migration: implications for Australia
No full textThis paper argues that Australia needs a national policy framework on environmental migration, as climate change and natural disasters could displace potentially thousands of people in coming years.
In the Pacific Islands region, climate change and natural disasters could displace potentially thousands of people in coming years. A significant number of these people could end up as environmental migrants to Australia. This paper argues that Australia needs a national policy framework on environmental migration to manage the new flow of migrants in ways that maximise the benefits, but also minimise the costs to the country, including any increase in irregular migration.
Key points:
It is likely that an increased number of migrants will arrive in Australia during the next decade as a result of the effects of environmental change in Pacific Island countries.
Even if the scale of any environmental migration to Australia can be reduced by supporting adaptation to environmental change in the affected countries, some migration to Australia from the Pacific Island is still likely to occur.
Australia needs a national policy framework on environmental migration that includes continuing support for multilateral initiatives on environmental migration, capacity-building in origin and transit countries, and national legislation that leverages existing labour migration programs and targets a limited number of countries
Les Justes d'Auvergne. Introduction générale
No full textInternational audienceEn 2015, près de 200 Auvergnats ont reçu le titre de Juste parmi les nations. Décerné par l'État d'Israël à l'issue d'une enquête menée par le Comité français pour Yad Vashem, ce titre tend à honorer l'action individuelle et périlleuse de sauveteurs d'un ou de plusieurs juifs, sans demande de contrepartie. Cet ouvrage a pour ambition d'écrire l'histoire des Justes d'Auvergne. Qui sont-ils ? Quelles sont les formes de sauvetage qu'ils ont mises en oeuvre ? L'objectif est aussi de revenir sur le parcours de vie de plusieurs acteurs en résistance à la Shoah, spécialement l'évêque de Clermont, Gabriel Piguet, déporté en 1944
Les Justes d'Auvergne
No full textInternational audienceEn 2015, près de 200 Auvergnats ont reçu le titre de Juste parmi les nations. Décerné par l’État d’Israël à l’issue d’une enquête menée par le Comité français pour Yad Vashem, ce titre tend à honorer l’action individuelle et périlleuse de sauveteurs d’un ou de plusieurs Juifs, sans demande de contrepartie.Cet ouvrage a pour ambition d’écrire l’histoire des Justes d’Auvergne. Qui sont-ils ? Quelles sont les formes de sauvetage qu’ils ont mises en œuvre ? L’objectif est aussi de revenir sur le parcours de vie de plusieurs acteurs en résistance à la Shoah, spécialement l’évêque de Clermont Gabriel Piguet, déporté en 1944.Une première partie est donc consacrée à la présentation des Justes d’Auvergne. L’objectif est de caractériser cet ensemble, d’évaluer son degré d’hétérogénéité et de le comparer avec d’autres séries pour montrer s’il existe une spécificité régionale qui autoriserait à faire de l’expression « Justes d’Auvergne » une notion. En prolongement, une deuxième partie porte sur les modes de sauvetages mis en œuvre, et leur degré de complémentarité. L’enjeu principal est d’aller plus avant dans la réponse à la question : « Que signifie être Juste en Auvergne ? » La troisième et dernière partie met en avant trois figures de Justes : le responsable d’Église (Gabriel Piguet, évêque de Clermont), la jeune femme de condition modeste et d’origine étrangère (Maria Thomas, dernier témoin porteur du titre dans la région), et ce que nous nommons le « Juste inconnu »
Road runoff over the shoulder diffuse infiltration : real-scale experimentation and optimization
No full textA new concept of road runoff management, based on diffuse infiltration over the shoulder, was tested in a real-scale experimentation site located near Grandson, Switzerland. This new concept consists in diffusely infiltrating the road runoff in the infiltration slope adjoining the road shoulder; where road contaminants are retained. This presupposed that the road shoulder was as tightened as possible to effectively drive the road runoff to the slope, and that the infiltration slope effectively retains all road pollutants. Those two main postulates needed strong scientific verification. For this purpose, five different shoulder designs were tested in Grandson to assess which one presented the best hydraulic performance, i.e. which shoulder was the most impervious. Those designs were made of gravel mixed with humus (SGL), gravel mixed with clay (SGC), gravel seeded with lawn (SGL), a prolonged HMF road base (SH), and a bentonitic geotextile tightening (SB). Also, to verify the retention of pollutant, two infiltration slopes adjoining SGL (LW) and SH (LH) were set as lysimeter (basal geomembrane collecting road effluents); the third infiltration slope (LB) had a direct connection with the aquifer which was closely monitored (6 piezometers located up- and downstream from the road; influence of the road runoff was thus emphasized). Finally, to ensure that this new concept do not lower the road bearing capacity, deflectometers were placed in the road structure; 3 campaigns of leveling assessed the road settlement. Hydraulic assessment of the shoulders, based on 112 natural precipitation as well as 3 artificial watering tests, showed strong discrepancies between all shoulders behaviours. They had to deal with potentially high amount of water. Lag times ranged from a few minutes to several hours. Results showed that lag times were only function of the precipitation mean intensity. The infiltration process could be assessed by a modified Green & Ampt equation. The moisturizing front was frank and linearly progressed downward. Shoulders vertical hydraulic conductivities ranged from 4.6·10-6 (SGC) to 2.2·10-5 m·s-1 (SGL). The exfiltration volume is function of the water volume available at the shoulder surface. The drought preceding the rain event has no influence on the stock variation or the exfiltration volume. Road runoff used two different infiltration paths: the macroporosity drives the water efficiently and rapidly, while the microporosity is less efficient and retains the moisture longer. Tracer tests (Brine) proved that the contamination first flush passed over the shoulders. This is also confirmed by the flux calculation. Runoff coefficients CR ranged from 0.3 (SGL) to 0.9 (SB). This coefficient decreased rapidly once the shoulder is wet. Only SB really fulfilled its task, letting water through only in harsh hydraulic conditions (100 mm; 40mm/h). It is highly recommended for further road development: for new roads as well as old roads being refurbished. The shoulder SH proved to be inefficient for structural and material reasons. Other shoulders are comparatively ineffective. SGC must be enhanced; in that case it could offer a valuable alternative. The bearing capacity of the road was very good. The road lifetime was evaluated to more than 20 years (1·109 residual standard axle load). The Grandson experimental site could not conclusively demonstrate a worsening of the geotechnical behaviour of the road. This is due to the particularly good material and road pavement thickness used for this road. Infiltrations in shoulders are high enough and would have doubtless caused a loss of bearing capacity in case the road would have been more modestly dimensioned. It is therefore clear that the shoulder must be tightened. Geochemical results concerned six families of contaminant: MTE, PAH, Cx, BTEX, MTBE, and PCB. Batch and column tests allowed calculating MTE and PAH distribution coefficient Kd in the Grandson soils, as well as in other typical Swiss soils. Results showed that mobile elements are B, Br, Mo, Ba, Sb, Zn, and V (0 175). Comparisons with other typical soils enlightened the predominant influence of the pH. Batch test performed with acidic soils (pH = 5.5) confirmed lower MTE Kd. MTE are thus more mobile in acidic soils. Other physicochemical parameters have a smaller influence. The column test performed with a synthetically loaded solution (MTE and PAH) infiltrating the Grandson soils showed that MTE are more mobile in dynamic conditions. This is easily explained by the reduced contact time between the contaminant and the soil aggregates. PAH were not detected at the column outlet, thus showing a very good retention in the column soil. Soil layers analyses demonstrated that PAH were mostly retained in the surface layers. Also, MTE with low mobility show the same behaviour. Mobile elements showed no preferential retention layer. Concerning the infiltration slope, lag times were usually greater than those encountered for the shoulders. Lag time were function of the rain mean intensity. The influence of the preceding drought was significant. Exfiltration volumes EL were high in case of large event; it could be approximated by a simple equation function of the API and surface available water. Moisture redistribution processes occurred in the soils as long as there is a volumetric water content θ gradient. Fluxes strongly varied in magnitude and direction during a precipitation event: usually from about 1·10-8 to 1·10-5 m·s-1 and from up- to downward (evaporation to infiltration). The first flush effect was poor to medium. NaCl signal was highly buffered. The pH was also completely buffered by the soil high carbonate content. It thus shifted from 6.5 in the rainwater to 8 in the LW exfiltration water. To especially emphasize the geochemical behaviour, an artificial precipitation test was created to control every aspect of the rainfall. It was judged very representative of a natural storm. MTE and PAH contaminants had two different behaviours: mobile elements moved mainly in solute and have concentration correlated with EC. Elements with low mobility had higher concentrations correlated with the turbidity peaks. They were transported sorbed to particles. Comparison between the particular and solute form concentrations confirmed that mobile elements are measured in similar concentrations whether the sample was filtered at 0.45 µm, at 1 µm, or not filtered at all prior to acidification. On the contrary, less mobile elements are easily sorbed to particles. The MTE concentrations under sorbed form range from 5% (Rb, Sb) to 98% (Pb) of the total concentration. They had strong first flush effects. B, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, CU, Zn, Br, Mo, Cd, Sb, and Pb were identified as road tracers. Fe and Al represented 80% of the road runoff. Overall, the total MTE concentration in the lysimeter first water collected decreased to 1/30th of the road runoff first flush concentration. Mobile elements were less retained. The PAH total concentration in the lysimeter first collected water was about 1'000 times lower than in the road runoff first flush. The PAH concentration was mainly constituted by mobile PAH naphthalene and phenanthrene. Cx were well represented in the road runoff. However, only heavy species were commonly found. C32 was the most common specie. The triplet C16-C18-C20 was always present in high concentration in the lysimeter exfiltration water. This triple is a great road tracer. BTEX, while present in the road runoff, were not detected in the lysimeter exfiltration water. The alluvial aquifer was also monitored. It is confined between the Arnon (north) and a basement till which shallows up southward. Eastern and western limit are less known but might coincide with the river. The aquifer is clearly linked to the river. This is proved by the piezometric level, EC and T follow-up. EC and temperature also emphasized the higher activity in downstream piezometer. The road runoff infiltration could not be emphasized by the NaCl tracer test. The infiltrated water concentration was possibly buffered by the aquifer volume. Also, the brine was heavier than the aquifer water: it could have plunged to the bottom of the aquifer. All families of contaminant are presented in the aquifer. However, the provenance of those contaminants remains uncertain. The groundwater was indeed as concentrated upstream as downstream. Moreover, the river concentrations had similar, or even higher, values. The contamination provenance is thus either the aerial deposition (equally distributed up- and downstream), either the Arnon River infiltrating the aquifer. The contaminant behaviours in the aquifer could be described. It confirmed the contaminant mobility previously noted during the batch, column and test precipitation experiments. Mobile substances are seen in higher concentrations, whereas substances with low mobility are sparsely found. This project thus demonstrated that the new "over the shoulder diffuse infiltration" concept is clearly implementable. Aquifer concentrations were compared to Swiss legal concentration limits. Except for Cr, the aquifer water was of drinkable quality. This proved that the concept is robust, environmental-friendly and conclusive.GEOLE
Madame Guyon : portraits of a woman as a saint and author (1682-1720)
No full textCe travail de thèse est une étude de cas de Madame Guyon (1648-1717), autrice mystique qui, après la mort de son mari, laisse derrière elle ses deux fils en 1681 pour s’engager dans la fondation d’un couvent de « Nouvelles Catholiques » dans le duché de Savoie. En 1682, elle quitte le couvent et commence une « vie apostolique » indépendante qui se caractérise notamment par l’intense écriture et publication de livres manuscrits et imprimés, état gyrovague pour ainsi dire qui lui vaudra d’être arrêtée une première fois en 1688. Plutôt que de regarder ces écrits du point de vue d’une histoire des idées et des doctrines (approche dominante dans les études guyoniennes), nous souhaitons regarder ces écrits comme autant d’actions qui prennent place dans ce que la sociologie interactionniste appelle une carrière de sainte, que Jeanne poursuit activement. En procédant ainsi, nous déplacerons l’étude du langage mystique comme langage visant l’indicible vers une étude de ce langage comme un ensemble de figures et de règles de formation discursive grâce auxquelles une femme construit une carrière de sainteté mystique et justifie un parcours déviant. Ce faisant, nous voudrions montrer comment Guyon investit des espaces et des activités peu définies pour en exploiter les marges de manœuvre : l’espace de publication « par défaut » qu’est la littérature au XVIIe siècle (Christian Jouhaud, 2000) – ; un univers dévot qui prend part à l’activité pastorale aux marges de l’institution ; la direction spirituelle, fonction qui n’est pas formalisée par les lois canoniques. Nous regarderons les multiples procédures par lesquelles lui a été octroyée une autorité avant sa répression – moment qui coïncide avec l’appropriation pénale de ses œuvres anonymes, contribuant ainsi à lui concéder un statut d’autrice.This dissertation is a case study of the French mystical writer “Madame Guyon” (1648-1717), a widow who abandoned her children in 1681 in order to participate in the founding of a convent of “Nouvelles Catholiques” in the Duchy of Savoy, and then left this convent in 1682 to start an independent “apostolic life”. This life was remarkable for the production and publication of manuscripts and printed books that led to Guyon’s first arrest and incarceration in 1688. Rather than looking at her writings from the perspective of intellectual history which has been the dominant approach thus far, one can understand them as actions seen within the context of what interactionism calls a “career” which Guyon pursued with the aim of becoming a saint. From this perspective, one can shift the study of mysticism from that of a specific register dealing with an ineffable union of the soul and God to the study of mysticism as a language, and a series of tropes which enabled Guyon to build a career while justifying her deviancy. This thesis will demonstrate how Jeanne Guyon makes use of undetermined social spaces and activities such as the social space of “literature” (Christian Jouhaud, 2000); the different networks of devout laypersons who, gravitating around the ecclesiastic institutions, take an informal part in what Michel Foucault terms “pastoral power”, and give her own writing the authority of a “spiritual direction”, an activity that is not formalized by the Canon law. The thesis will take a close look at the many procedures that granted her spiritual authority before her eventual repression, in a moment where the “penal appropriation” (Michel Foucault, 1969) of her anonymous works is synonymous with her recognition as an author
L'ultrahelvétique inférieur et les flyschs helvétiques à la base des Préalpes internes savoyardes (France) et valaisannes (Suisse)
No full textLes faciès chaotiques surmontant les chaînes des Bornes-Aravis, le massif de Platé, les massifs entre Arve et Giffre, la couverture des Aiguilles Rouges dans le Val-d'Illiez ainsi que la nappe de Morcles dans la vallée de la Lizerne ont une genèse controversée. Ces dépôts sont traités sur le plan pétrographique, biostratigraphique, structural et sédimentologique dans le but de déterminer leur mode de mise en place. De plus, la coupe du Marais dans la klippe de Sulens et celle du Dérochoir à Platé font l'objet d'une étude paléomagnétique destinée à affiner leur stratigraphie. Les directions magnétiques suggèrent une rotation anti-horaire de 110° environ. Ce mouvement qui affecte les Chaînes subalpines sous-jacentes est probablement lié à une zone de cisaillement sénestre se prolongeant au sud-est du lac d'Annecy
Photoisomerization of DiD: Molecular Dynamics Calculations Reveal the Influence of Tail Lengths
No full textThe photoisomerization scheme of the cyanine-based 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (DiD) probe was investigated by means of molecular modeling techniques, accounting for differences between the potential energy surfaces in the ground and excited states. Starting from the trans conformation, the photoisomerization path to the cis conformation and its dependence on the acyl tail lengths of the probe were evaluated. Moreover, the ground-state conformational distribution was investigated and suitable topologies were built for the ground- and excited-state molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. A protocol for simulations in solvents and in liquid-disordered lipid bilayers was worked out. In a kinetic analysis, the decay of the excited singlet (S1) state via radiative and nonradiative decays and via dihedral twisting is discussed. The twisting of one of the dihedral angles in the S1 state is found to be faster than the direct decay rate, which explains the relatively low fluorescence quantum yield of the compound. The molecular dynamics simulations show that in lipid bilayers, the DiD probe with methyl groups as acyl tails from the headgroup brings the highest level of photoisomerization, while a compound with acyl tails of 18 carbon atoms does not isomerize at all.The Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) is acknowledged for the computational time granted through the medium allocations 3-397, 3-156, 3-396, 3-23, 3-398, and 3394 in 2018. The Flemish Supercomputer Centre (VSC) (Flanders, Belgium) and the Herculesstichting (Flanders, Belgium) are acknowledged for the generously allocated computational time on the Tier-1 cluster Breniac as well as the Tier-2 cluster Thinking. M.P. acknowledges the Special Research Fund (BOF) of Hasselt University (Belgium) for her research stay in November 2018 and support from ERDF/ESF Project no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754. J.W. acknowledges support from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic research (SSF ITM17-0491). S.K. is grateful to the Czech Science Foundation through grant 17-21122S.Knippenberg, S (reprint author), KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Theoret Chem & Biol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
Hasselt Univ, Biomed Res Inst, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Hasselt Univ, Theoret Phys, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Palacky Univ, Fac Sci, Reg Ctr Adv Technol & Mat, Dept Phys Chem, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic; Univ Antwerp, Res Grp PLASMANT, Dept Chem, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Sheared olistostromes in the Lower Ultrahelvetic melange from Haute-Savoie (Western Alps, France)
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