10 research outputs found
Revati Laul: The anatomy of hate
No full textOne massacre. Three lives. In a non-fictional account of an event etched deep in the annals of contemporary India, independent journalist and filmmaker Revati Laul has written a compelling account of the 2002 anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat. With the burning of the Sabarmati Express in Godhra on 26 February 2002 as the backdrop, Footnote1 the author stitches together the lives of three protagonists, who may have been victims of their circumstances but were in varying degrees primarily the perpetrators of the violence
Localized energy estimates of the wave equation on higher dimensional hyperspherical Schwarzschild spacetimes
No full textThe purpose of this dissertation is to discuss a robust way to measure dispersion of the linear wave equation on the (n+1)-dimensional Schwarzschild spacetime. One of the greater motivations for studying the higher dimensional Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetimes is to address the question of asymptotic stability of solutions to Einstein's equations. That is, if initial conditions are slightly perturbed, does the solution tend to the unperturbed solution. Even in the simplest case (Minkowski spacetime), establishing nonlinear stability proved to be highly nontrivial. This was originally shown by Christodoulou and Klainerman, and later simplified and generalized by Lindblad and Rodnianski, and Bieri and Zipser, respectively. In considering the Kerr solution, we ask whether solutions to small perturbations of Kerr initial data asymptotically approach perhaps a different member of the Kerr family. Decay estimates are fundamental tools in addressing this question and by studying the linear wave equation on Schwarzschild, we hope to gain some intuition in pursuing this problem. In this thesis we will determine localized energy estimates of the inhomogeneous wave equation box subscript g phi = F on the (n+1)-dimensional Schwarzschild manifold, for n is greater than or equal to 4. An inevitable loss in the estimate arises due to trapped rays on a surface known as the photon sphere. We then modify our technique and improve the estimate at this region
LOCALIZED ENERGY ESTIMATES FOR WAVE EQUATIONS ON (1 + 4)-DIMENSIONAL MYERS-PERRY SPACE-TIMES
No full textAbstract. Localized energy estimates for the wave equation have been increasingly used to prove various other dispersive estimates. This article focuses on proving such localized energy estimates on (1+4)-dimensional Myers-Perry black hole backgrounds with small angular momenta. The Myers-Perry space-times are generalizations of higher dimensional Kerr backgrounds where additional planes of rotation are availabile while still maintaining axial symmetry. Once it is determined that all trapped geodesics have constant r, the method developed by Tataru and the fourth author, which perturbs off of the Schwarzschild case by using a pseudodifferential multiplier, can be adapted. 1
Evasion of alimony payments for children on the example of Ida-Virumaa
No full textKokkuvõttes soovib autor märkida, et rahu ja harmoonia perekonnas ning üksteise vastastikune tugi
lähedaste inimeste poolt – seda kõike meie elus ei esine nii tihti, kui me tahaksime.
Lõputöö käigus tehti kindlaks, et elatis on abivahend, mida vanemad maksavad lapse ülalpidamiseks.
Sellise kohustuse kehtestamine vanematele on mõeldud laste materiaalsete vajaduste rahuldamiseks
ja nende jaoks vajava elatustaseme tagamiseks. Kohtu praktika aga näitab, et paraku on aina
sagedamini esinevad olukorrad, kui lähedased ei taha enam üksteise eest hoolitseda. Nendel juhtudel
on hädavajalik kohtulik sekkumine. Olukorras, kus vanem lõpetab oma lapse ülalpidamise, pöördub
last kasvatav vanem kohtusse. Kohus määrab isikud, kes on kohustatud maksma elatist ning kehtestab
ka elatise maksmise suuruse ja korra.
Olulist rolli mängib elatisraha sissenõudmisel ka kohtutäituriteenistus, mis tagab ülalpidamiseks
ettenähtud vahendite sissenõudmise kohustuse ja õigeaegsuse ning elatisraha maksmisest
kõrvalehoidmise lubamatuse. Kuid mitte kõik elatise maksjad ei ole kohtuväliselt kohusetundlikud ja
maksavad õigeaegselt elatist, isegi peale seda, kui neid on hoiatatud kriminaalvastutusest. Elatise
maksmisest kuritahtlikku kõrvalehoidumist esineb ka siis, kui võlgnikule rakendatakse TMS
õigusaktides sätestatud avalikud õiguslikud sanktsioonid. Kriminaalvastutus on
ülalpidamiskohustuste rikkumise eest vastutuse äärmuslik ja rangeim meede, selle kehtestab KarS.
Elatisevõlgnike suhtes saab rakendada TMS ja KarS alusel selliseid piiranguid nagu:
Võlgniku kriminaalkorras vastutusele kuritahtliku elatise maksmisest kõrvalehoidumise tõttu;
Võlgniku mootorsõiduki ja väikelaeva juhtimisõiguse, jahitunnistuse, relvaloa ja
kalastuskaardi kehtivuse peatamine ning nende lubade väljastamine;
Kohtutäituri poolt võlgniku vara arestimine ja selle müümine;
Elatisvõla puhul ei saa võlgnik erametsaomaniku toetust ja ettevõtluse alustamise toetust;
Võlgniku reisidokumentide - Eesti kodaniku passi, välismaalase passi, pagulase
reisidokumendi, ajutise reisidokumendi, meremehe teenistusraamatu ning
meresõidutunnistuse kehtetuks tunnistamine;
PPA abil elatisvõlgniku sõiduki võõrandamine, eesmärgil edastada see sõiduk kohtutäiturile.
Küll aga olenemata eelnimetatust, selgus, et oma igapäevases töös ei rakenda kohtutäiturid
eelnimetatuid piiranguid. Analüüsides nii kohtutäiturite kui ka vanemate nägemust probleemist
selgub, et ka kohtutäiturid näevad seaduses palju „auke” ning selgitavad, et nende suutmatus
mõjutada elatisvõlgnike tuleneb just seaduse nõrkadest kohtadest.
54
Samuti selgus, et elatise maksmisest kõrvalehoidumisega kaasneb ka lapsega suhete täielik
katkemine. Tihtipeale vanem, kes lapsega koos ei ela ei osale lapse kasvatuses ega huvitu lapse elust
ning ei paku ka mingit muud mitte-materiaalset toetust.
Selline olukord aga mõjutab oluliselt nii last kasvatava vanema kui ka lapse heaolu. Last üksi
kasvatav vanem, kelleks osutub tavaliselt ema, puutub kokku erinevate tõsiste materiaalsete,
sotsiaalsete ja vaimsete probleemidega. See omakorda aga peegeldub lapses ja võib ohustada lapse
heaolu. Ühe vanema puudumine on last traumeeriv aspekt.
Lõputöö tulemustes selgub, et põhilised tegurid, mis takistavad lapsele elatise maksmist ja
ülalpidamiskohustuse täitmist on järgmised:
Vanem ei tunnista last, ei usuta ka DNA testi tulemusi, ei soovitud last;
Arvatakse, et last kasvatav vanem ei kuluta saadud raha lapsele, arvatakse, et lapse vajadused
on ülehinnatud;
Võlgnikul puudub sissetulek, töökoht ning vara;
Ka vanemate omavahelised konfliktsed suhted mõjutavad elatise maksmist ja
ülalpidamiskohustuse täitmist.
Üheks peamiseks üldiseks sotsiaalseks ülesandeks, mille lahendus aitab suurendada kuritegude
vastast võitlust elatise maksmisest kuritahtliku kõrvalehoidmise näol, on perekonna tunnustamine
ühiskonna peamise üksusena ja üks riigipoliitika tähtsamaid prioriteete. Lõputöö näitas, et valitsuses
on tihti arutlusel erinevate elatisevõlgnike survestamise meetmete rakendamine. Seadusandluses
tehakse palju muudatusi, et survestada elatisvõlgnike elatist maksma.
Lõpetuseks saab väita, et vanemate üks peamisi ja olulisemaid kohustusi, mis ei tulene mitte ainult
meie ühiskonnas väljakujunenud moraaliprintsiipidest, vaid ka kehtivatest õigusaktidest, on lapse
hooldamine ja materiaalne ülalpidamine. Eelkõige avaldub see kohustuse täitmine lapse minimaalsete
vajaduste rahuldamises, mis on vajalikud tema eluks ja arenemiseks. Lühiajalised peresuhted on
tänapäeval sageli esinevad ning paljud lahutavad. Pere lagunemine toob kaasa ühe vanema kohustuse
maksta laste ülalpidamiseks elatist. Paljud vanemad hoiduvad sellest kohustusest siiski kõrvale.
Seadus kaitseb rangelt sotsiaalseid suhteid, mille üks osalisi on laps – kes on noorema põlvkonna
esindaja ning kes nõuab ühiskonnalt, riigilt ja eriti perekonnalt erilist hoolt. Laste huvide õiguskaitse
peamine tähendus taandub nende normaalseks intellektuaalseks, füüsiliseks ja moraalseks arenguks
soodsate tingimuste loomiseks, laste isiksuse kujunemiseks. Laps peaks võimaluse korral kasvama
vanemate hoole ja vastutuse all ning igal juhul armastuse ja moraalse turvalisuse õhkkonnas.The title of the thesis is „Evasion of alimony payments for children on the example of Ida-Virumaa”.
One of the main responsibilities of parents is to provide support for minor children. In modern
societies, some parents have a negative tendency to shirk their duty to care for and educate their
children. Often, neglectful parents stop supporting their children financially after a divorce from the
other parent with whom the children live. There are also situations where both parents shirk their
responsibility to support their children.
In this thesis, the author gives an overview of the nature of the parent's maintenance obligation, the
problems of single-parent families, the arrangements for the payment of maintenance and the
measures taken by the state in cases of non-payment of maintenance. The choice of the subject is
motivated by an interest in this sensitive and topical issue. The topicality of the problem is confirmed
by the court decisions discussed in the thesis and by the attempts to alleviate the problem which are
constantly under discussion in government. At the same time, in spite of the measures taken by the
state to repress maintenance debtors, the problem of parents' evasion of maintenance payments is still
a major problem today.
The aim of the thesis is to identify the possible causes of non-payment of maintenance and its
consequences, using the example of single-parent families in Ida-Virumaa. The results will contribute
to raising awareness of the problem and will help to find ways of preventing and alleviating the
problem.
In order to achieve the objective, the author set the following research questions:
What are the legal bases for the payment of alimony and the consequences and content of its
violation?
What are the legal and legal grounds and what are the legal and legal consequences of non compliance with maintenance obligations? How does non-compliance with maintenance
obligations affect the livelihood and well-being of the parent raising the child?
How does the parent's parent's failure to maintain the child support situation and the
maintenance of the child?
What measures do bailiffs apply in their daily practical work with maintenance debtors in Ida Virumaa?
What solutions are proposed by parents raising a child to alleviate the problem of child support
evasion?
56
The first part of the paper provides an overview of the theoretical starting points, describing the
relationship of the topic to theories in the field of social work and explaining the legal regulation of
maintenance obligations. It also examines responsibility in cases of evasion and the measures taken
by the state to alleviate the problem. The second part describes the research methodology, the conduct
of the study and the ethical principles of the work. It explains in more detail how the sample was
constituted and the approaches used. The third part analyses the results of the study and provides an
assessment of the data collected.
The study established that child support is a means ofsupport paid by parents to support their children.
The imposition of such an obligation on parents is intended to meet the material needs of children
and to provide them with the standard of living they require. Maintenance can be paid on the basis of
an agreement between the parents or by court order.
However, not all maintenance payers are out of court compliant and pay their maintenance on time,
even after being warned of criminal liability. Abusive evasion of maintenance also occurs when legal
sanctions are imposed on the debtor.
It has also been found that child support evasion also leads to a complete breakdown of relations with
the child. Often, a parent who does not live with the child does not take part in the upbringing of the
child, does not take an interest in the child's life and does not provide any other non-material support.
The results of the thesis show that the main obstacles to paying maintenance and meeting child
support obligations are the following:
Parent does not recognise the child, no child wanted;
The parent is not thought to spend the money received on the child, the needs of the child are
thought to be overestimated;
The debtor has no income, no job and no assets;
Conflicting relationships between parents also have an impact.
In conclusion, one of the main and most important obligations of parents, which derives not only
from the moral principles established in our society but also from the legislation in force, is the care
and maintenance of the child. The fulfilment of this obligation is reflected, in particular, in the
provision of the minimum needs necessary for the child's life and development
Localized Energy Estimates for Wave Equations on Higher Dimensional Black Holes
No full textA robust measure of decay and dispersion for the wave equation is provided by the localized energy estimates, which have been essential in proving, e.g. the Strichartz estimates on black hole backgrounds. We study localized energy estimates for the wave equation on (1+4)-dimensional Myers-Perry space-times, which represent a family of rotating asymptotically at black holes with spherical horizon topology and generalize the well-known Kerr space-times to higher dimensions. Because of the extra dimension, the Myers-Perry family is parameterized by two angular momentum parameters, which we assume to be sufficiently small relative to the mass of the black hole, essentially allowing us to treat the space-time as a perturbation of the Schwarzschild black hole. This investigation is motivated by the nonlinear stability problem for the Kerr family of black holes, which may be easier to understand in higher dimensions. Typically, the localized energy estimates are proved by commuting the wave operator with a suitable first-order differential operator and integrating by parts. However, the underlying black hole geometry introduces a number of difficulties related to the trapping phenomenon, which is a known obstruction to dispersion and necessitates a loss in decay. This phenomenon is manifest along the event horizon of the Schwarzschild/Kerr black holes, but its effect is rendered negligible due to the celebrated red-shift effect. More delicate analysis is required to deal with trapping that occurs along e.g., the so-called photon sphere in the Schwarzschild geometry. Localized energy estimates on higher dimensional Schwarzschild black holes were proved by Laul-Metcalfe in [34] using a single differential multiplier, but their method relies fundamentally on the fact that the trapped null geodesics lie on a sphere. On the Myers-Perry space-time, the nature of the trapped set is much more complicated and must be described in phase space rather than by position alone, and consequently a single differential multiplier is insufficient to prove the desired result. Once it is determined that all trapped geodesics lie on surfaces of constant r, we can adapt the method of Tataru and Tohaneanu in [62], which perturbs off the Schwarzschild case by instead commuting with an appropriate pseudodifferential operator to generate a positive commutator near the trapped set. This describes joint work with Parul Laul, Jason Metcalfe, and Mihai Tohaneanu [35].Bachelor of Scienc
Laul jutustab lauljast. Ülevaade Lüganuse lauliku Mai Alasi regilauluvarast
No full textThe 9th volume of Vana kannel (Old Zither), a serial publication of runo songs, comprises 1320 song lyrics collected and written down from Lüganuse parish. The number of presenters is over a couple of hundred, yet Mai Alasi is the only one whose repertoire includes over a hundred songs. Such a big number of runo songs from one person, written down as late as in the first decades of the 20th century, makes us wonder about her song repertoire. The most relevant approach seems to be the description of her runo song lyrics from a typological aspect. This enables us to point out the register of motifs in the texts and gives us an idea of the applied artistic methods and the language of images. This way we can treat the runo song lyrics as a piece of poetry.
The author was also interested to find out what kind of facts about the personality of the singer and her life her song repertoire, its content and themes reveal. The conclusions are certainly at least partly hypothetical, yet they might help us to revitalise the memory of a remarkable singer
0001
No full textPAGE TWO
DAILY PAI.O AI.TO TIMES, SATI'KllAV- FEB. io. 1911
£)atlv {Times ISfcitorial page
THAI KKOUftH Hf-MOlt.
In another part of (his paper appears the dramatic criticism and
news report of ihe Maskers play. In
addition in rliis'i-presentation, bero-
wii.i Is r. i.in-i- package of editorial
coaptation on tho. general subject of
tbe play. Jt t* aimed eolely at the
author sJTl the play, and not at all
at the aciors..
''The Admirable Crichton" Is an
English play by an Kngllahman II
Is Intended to be eslrrmety humor-
mm. Doubtless tt Is, for J. M. liar-
rle Is regarded as Ihe Mark Twain of
England , The fact, however, that
titer* was not onn genuine hearty
laugh from the large mull-ore In
the entire four hour* of Ifcg ptrfw
mance shows lhat the American
viewpoint of humor radically differs
from the English. The theme has
enough of humor mixed with Mt
wealth of enigmatical Interest lo
hold ihe close attention of the whole
assembly. One cannot avoid Ihe
Impulse in analyse the production
afi.T seeing It. Mn Interest Is com
palling, although no reasonable. Insofar as Ihe entire ensemble can be
maaaed together In one lump, the
Impression Is unfavorable.
One in.1-1 general nnd Inclusive
criticism Is that the play is not true
Io ibe human element. Particularly
au American audience demands ok
-every puriiosc-play that It be a re-
flei of something lhal could have
normally happened. This Is not
speaking nf mere ribald burlesque,
meant lo tickle the Jaded (.my ..r a
passing hour. That la a different
thing. This play it not humorous
-enough by half to fall mm any such
class, II has qualities which compel us to look njion the serious aide
veiled though It may I>e by the com-
edv feature* thrown over It,
The pin) In poorly named. Crlrh-
lon Is nol "admirable" In nny ron-
Like His Own.
celt able sense, except In tliolo quat-lthe movement of the flay leavea one
Hies of leadership and command: saturated with'-* sentiment of pro-
whlth be developed on Ihe Wg|H,j est and disappointment. Not a sin-
l.nt nhlrh oven there he sullied nd- worthy ideal Is tarried through
wllh a bogus vainglory. He ,1s, atj io a logical conclusion. The tu
heart, a-thorough flunkey. Indeed; iierlur marries the Inferior In every
Ihe author sewms to (each that! case, seemingly as a mere matter of
flaokeyism Is natural and Inevitable.] rourse, because convention decree*
Even his truthfulness Is nol "ad-j It. If ('rlrht-iti married ihe scullery
miracle" where he slicks to tbe. maid out of disappointment and
letter or halMrulh to confirm Ihe ho pel man est. we must forgive him.
rmprresion of Lady Brock tebu r*t In'bul he does II because he ls~ab In-
what was easentlairy a He. This) curable flunkey at heart, and not
may have been posted, but ll was not really the reincarnated king
"admirable" It revolts all our no- thought himself on the Island,
tlons of human probability to lm-. believe* In th* English social sys-
aglne thai, after having found the tern and will not hear a word
inn- l.-inl of nature on Ihe Island.] against It.
they alt. Including Crlrhlnn. could
relapse Immediately back to a ridiculous artificiality. It ta too
much of a strain to Imagine a girl.
like Ijidy Mary, emerging from the
selfish ennui and parasitical help-
There is a decided difference between the humorous and the ludicrous, although nn Englishman sel-
dom'realise* It. The genuflexions
oT .m awkward servant, made to act
like a Jackanapes, for th* ostensible
leanness of the arilstocratlc society: purpose of showing an Innate aad
woman, developing Into the glowing., unchangeable social Inferiority, ar*
joyous huntress that swam Ihe ha1fJ ludicrous, but (hey are not humor-
mile nnaii and ran down the fleet-'oua. The alleged humor of this
Ing buck, falling fn love wllh ('rich-; play Is mostly of Ihe ludicrous va-
lon. like a normal, healthy woman, riely. helped oui by exaggerated Inland finally falling back, almost j probability,
So far aa the actual participants
are concerned, th* play concludes
hy leaving them without Ihe gllm-
ii-.-- of a notion that ihere Is anything radically wrong with their social system. One might overshoot
the mark aad assume ihst the author
has made this so apparent to the
•Idiom a protest, into the old!
rmwe and marrying the nlneom-j
|8onp Lord Hrocklrbnm.
The play aim* tu teach that there
is no such Ihlng as equality in human society nf any grade, On the
■stand the line Is drawn over tb*
matter of pbyalcal Alness and adaptability. ln England It Is drawn on audience lhat the player* do not
artificial convent Inns nnd the i-- ■ need to eusi»crt It. but English liti-
dent of birth. In Ihls latter slate mor Is seldom deep enough for that,
personal worth counts for nothing One cannot leave a vital point to be
occultly discerned when he 1* dealing with people whA have fft "6*
shown. If (tie-purpose it io show
thsi_,,«w'ia| Inequality is Inevitable.
It falls lo satisfy. If that Is not th*
purpose, what Is?
ll ji!
out
lde o
raM.- lines
To
lb*
mind
having the
pe netra
Hon.
and
bent
to see It.
ti*
pl.-iv
ihoi
ih«
essen
llgl hollow i
. s
and
1IIUI
rth
nf En
tllsh social
iv. rv
Hon
n i
hat |i
rtlcular gn
tde.
-.-i
Parliament Buildings, Teheran,
Where Persians Defied Russia
Hicrnii KIQfX TO I.K(TlllE ON subject and a thorough master to
PRECHKH GEWS MONDAY prc**«t IL * Doctor Kunx, Who Is
., '■ gem buyer for-Tiffany's of New
A world authority- In his. Hoe of *°rk, l» •» «i*rt on all matters ro-
rtlvli#. Doctor O. F. Kuns, will )e«--l*t*d to precious stones. Ills' illus-
ir* neat Monday In room III' of 'rated wgrk on this subject Is re-
he blsiory bollding at Stanford at'-**"*"! « standard Is recognition
lit. Ills subject will be "Precious »' bis contributions'to ibis Held of
tones In History—No*. They Are'knowledge a recently discovered
Unci; and Cut." I mineral, "kunalte." haa been named
This leciur* pmsisn* th* win-:**'*' Doctor Kuni. This lecture will
im,: combination of an interesting be open to all.
i****»***»****»»**s**e********»*************»sse*»*<
EXASPERATING--ISNT IT
If there is any one thing that tries a man's patience
and makes him irritable, it is to get a tic under a collar and then find that the tie sticks and can't be
slipped or adjusted without yanking the collar, and
consequently the upper part of the shirt bosom cn-
lirety out of shape.
Hy mi am aronM, tteemtly laabtkd. at te meemr a ralljr ittu it, Ut* e4m.
• )ktv >i i. Imee* ent. » wn t£*rr. bat uifhil, imsM aa4 a*** **** ** feet,
.\l.lop* bri-«B iW Mil snd tkf ottwotfif tbr (•liar. Tfci«. ihfir „ pWslr of
•"■ '*" "" •'« ******* nt of IW lb- Wck-ard aad fwwvd and it 11 «aay lo wW
.1 lo Ihr t<"t<" poeMaa. '
We lu.c bent mint ikia wee prate— only fur s tkett tissr. but *»,* .««i.~l
**mrJ***^****fl*m4 mm* ********* HBaMttw t** tte-M.
,h* *W. t*w atee uwi ir p*ncaua* lbe collar ttua> imfa^ al lb* vdgra"
Why not try having a few of your collars done hy
our new process and note the result?
Telephone and our driver will call
Phone 626k
FRENCH LAUNDRY
i~..r* -( Ave and Ramona St. M. J, FAIIIFIELD, Manager.
♦♦♦♦+♦+♦*♦»♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦»♦♦♦»♦♦*•*»»»•*»«»*««sssssss***i
»»»ss ■*»♦»♦♦♦»»»*♦»♦♦♦**•*»*•**♦♦♦**♦♦»**» MIIMIMS
PLUMBING
Wliat do sanitary convenient i-s wean in the home?
1'lunilang should mean Srsi-claa* work and aa ebwdale gnarnn-
lee of nil malrrlah and flstBTM.
The place where yon ran ennut on Iheae principles being ful-
(Iliad Is the N^^
Standard Metal & Plumbing Works
1*4 bs do your plumbing am) also lake care of your repair
work.
107 HAMILTON w I'M I
*4»*s*s»*»**»»**»*»*»*****»»»*e**»**e**»*»»s»*see»*i■
Week's Poultry Ranch
win supply yonr table with cb*lce
mllk-fatUasd poultry, dressed smi
trussed, ready to cook, aad delivered
to your door. Order over phoa*
tti*. Ranch located oa Hamilton
extension. Palo Alto.
P. L. SEAMANS
THE LEADING JEWELER
Largest and Most Complete Stock
Etc* Ilrooght to Palo Alto.
Only Brojrarer In Palo Alto.
What We Say It Is It Is.
All Ooods Engraved Free.
REGISTERED OPTICIAN.
ELITE MARKET
STEIERT A PHILLIPS
Proprtetan.
Phone 7. 31H l nn. r-nj Are.
Inspected me*ta. No. 1 grade
bams and bacons. Ash. pool-
i try and delicacies.
HORNER'S HOMEMADE
CATSUP
A Palo Alto Article.
Q. W. LA PKIRE * SOX.
PALO ALTO LAUNDRY CO
A LAUNDRY THAT DOM Himi-CLAft« WORK AT I0W I
Work railed to* aad delivered promptly.
OH KMKRSOX STREET. PHONE IWX
COAL
DELIVERED
THE
SAME DAY
WORRELLS
Phone Palo Alto 35
Hamilton and Alma
• :
Hub-
Vou x
iv I've oi
It one fan
Well. If
In' •
all. I mn
t be ieth
bad husband.
Wlfe-
William.
quarter
suit
a bole in
It haa-on
one laul
. but
what tie.-
Is It? — Ho
ton Transcript
Learn
ho*
sprinters
train. _J«
page 4.
ALTHOUGH tb* avsrsgn American knows IHUe mor* about Persia thaa
that It Is "lb* place where lbs rags corns from." the recent news
dlspatchaa from Teheran detailing tbs plucky If aot altogether tactf*!
irons ot tn* earth" lo appoint repre-l * opposition mad* by W. Morgan Sbustsr, tbe American tnasorsr g*n-
emiiatlves snd send exhibits to the' ****' ,u ""' dlcUtorlsl deteaoda of Rusala have been read with Intense Intee-
INinama-Pnclllc exposition I set. nor csn Americana fall to aympalbts* strongly with th* Panlana them-
1 sdTsn, who, having expelled tbelr dissolute aad autocratic sbsh. are trying to
conduct s constitutions! government and spparently look upon (be young
Dally Times American wbo has worked wonders wltb tbalr revenue system as tbslr Unaa-
' ' ' • I clal savior. Russia at first psramptorily ordered the dismissal of Sbustsr.
j and tb* national aessmbly refused thus to rwoooac* it* Independence. Tbjs
Horn, Qrewn. ■ action was takso *i a spsctel ssnsloo while tbousaads of patriots thronged the
I pradscta of tbe parliament buildings Later, however, tbe Russian foreign
ofllce manifested a more conciliatory spirit, possibly on account of the spirited
interpeltatlons of tho government in tbe Hritlsb parliament, many of whose
members are hostlls to the partlttoo of Persia even If England gets a site*.
: exposition.
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i :i.. ..... * Engineer. IMTt« tl'oluglcnl I - in-.
burg Is lo have ft ftincllonaryj Tlie University of Southern &
Ity government known as the' t»rnt* snnounces ibat It will a\
borAoem\lnU yw * 'amm'r coum' lB '
..{rlBe WoH)g», under the direction
111 be to Inspect lh* work of. all ,.„,,„.,„ chBrI„ ,„ w^rtg, -
i>p.irtments and n-|iort,on th* ijui--->.aii,i„ will lie 'housed In Ibe an1
on of whether lliv dly Is getting. Hum and auditorium buildings
Sclency engineer
"Do yon know why all lbe artists '
are such k>qg hair?*'
"Why, of courae; »t> tbey can hare i
uae brutbes."—Le Hire.
woaey's worth. The right kind'
msn In such u position—one
l« liliiini-tr'ilioroughly sfllclcni
Is slso fearle>« and free Irom
m'lst of obligation to anybody—
easily rarn his salary many
s over In almost any American
•rt>e
'Anton Dohtt
he used as a station boat
Communist Club fro-operstlvel
IK- Eierett avenue, desire* twe
more roemliers. Apply at Wilder
KhiK- Co.'a, 231 University menu..,
Also parrot for sale.
* _ "•" * i'i-i-iu-irru uuuuj
Black's Palo Alto Package Co.
Economy Sale
Now days it is necessary for people to be Economical
in buying Groceries. A genuine Cash Store must
make good prices and treat their customers
fairly and satisfactorily or they fait to
call again. Saturday we will sell -
Nice Sugar Cured Hams, pef lb„ r . ." . 16c
Armours Bacon, per lb., . . 17 to 19c
Fresh Ranch EjfgS, to eat with Ham or Bacon 25c doz.
Pure Home Made Lard, per lb., . . 12 |-2c
Jams and Jellies, regular 20 & 25c cans, now. 15c
Straw. Black and Logan Berry, Apricot Jam, all pure Iruit and .ugflr
Table Catsup, good quality, per bottle, isc
Canned Milk, 2 cans 15c or 90c per doz
The milk men are lighting and milk i» temporarlllv down
8 Bars Sail Soap (Amours) for, . 25c
Ivory Soap, large size, 2 bars, C . 15C
Pretzels, per Ib 10c
We have a fine lot of Pippin Apples at 1.20 per bZ
Apples are already advancing
——————"^^^- J. - . . .-
Senojo geležies amžiaus (I-IVa.) metaliniai žiedai
No full textIntroduction. The Old Iron Age is a period when the number of metal articles in Lithuania increases. Adornment groups increase as well. Metal rings from the Old Iron Age are a group of adornment getting the least researchers’ attention among all the adornment groups of this period. Some attention was given only to exclusive rings. Namely, it was the lack of archeologists’ attention that encouraged to launch this subject. The task of this work was to get acquainted with typology of metal rings, to explore their decoration, try to restore the production of metal rings but the main thing was to collect as much as possible the best part of information and to publish it. In all, the database stores rings dating back to the Old Iron Age.Typology. Typology of rings was first mentioned in “Lithuanian archeological material” by Tarasenka published in 1928. In 1961 P. Kulikauskas describing rings, distinguished a group of sash rings varying according to the cross-section of the wire used for their production. Such rings date back to 2nd-3rd century. Spiral ring group is also divided into varieties according the cross-section of the strip: round (dating back to 2nd-3rd century), triangle. The author attributes “rings with rosette eye” to the third group. They are dated back to the 2nd-3rd c. as well. One of the major events in the typology of rings was Ch. Beckmann’s work “Metilfingerringe der romischen Kaiserzeit im freien Germanien” published in 1969 where she tried to classify all the known rings into groups, types. Namely, it was this work which greatly served Lithuanian archeologists while writing and speaking about rings. The Baltic material from Lithuania was also used in compiling this typology. 8 rings found in burial-grounds of Western Lithuania were also included into the catalogue. Typology was created having 844 items of rings. It is not a great number, having in mind that it was created the whole typology which has been used by almost all Europe for a long time. Some of the groups / types distinguished by the author, to my mind, are not numerous to be distinguished into a type or even a group. In 1986 M. Michelbertas in his study “The Old Iron Age in Lithuania” on the basis of Ch. Beckmann typology, grouped the Old Iron Age rings existing in Lithuanian archeological material. Archeologist. In my opinion the most appropriate typology of the rings from “the Old Iron Age” would be as follows:I group - spiral rings (1. with a widened middle curl; 2. plain spiral rings)II group - sash rings (1. closed; 2. open)III group - rings with overlapping terminals. There is a deep typological gap here - some archeologists distinguish 1.3 curl rings, others consider the same rings as overlapping terminals. The rings in this work are represented the way archeologists entitled them earlier, though in the future I think there should be determined “overlapping” boundaries. There are also might be some troubles speaking about typological differences between open sash rings and overlapping terminal rings. It happens that terminals of the open sash ring overlap too but here there is a small difference, in case of the rings with overlapping terminals their terminals don’t make horizontal line overlapping - most often they are above each other.IV group - rings with unconverged terminals. This term is created by archeologists to name the rings from Palanga or Rūdaičiai. They could be classified as open sash rings but I haven’t done it this time as there should be a common agreement among all the archeologists.V group - signet rings. Not many of them are found in The Old Iron Age burial grounds and they are not so typical as distinguished by Ch. Beckmann.VI group - cruciform rings. The term suggested by M. Michelbertas is used to describe rings decorated by five circles in the front part. I think it is an appropriate term as before we also used to have cruciform pins in findings typology.Rings. In the graveyards dating back to the Old Iron Age one can find spiral, sash rings, rings with overlapping terminals, unconverged terminals, rings with wreathed-twisted front part, cruciform and signet rings. Their diameter used to be 1.3-3.2 cm, height - 0.5-1.7 cm. Even 97% of the rings were made of brass. There were found only 14 silver rings (4 spiral, 3 sash, 6 with overlapping terminals, 1 with a wreathed-twisted front part). Rings belonging to different groups are often found in one grave.Spiral rings were found in women’s graves, on the average 1.29 spiral ring in a grave. Whereas, in men’s graves there were found only 42 spiral rings, on the average 0,91 spiral ring for a buried person. The number of spiral rings found in the graves ranges from 1 to 6. Spiral rings were twisted of triangle, half-round and square cross-section strips or round cross-section wire. The rings twisted of round cross-section wire were manufactured by using wire 0.1-0.5 in diameter, triangle cross-section - 0.15-0.35 cm wide and 0.09-0.18 cm thick; half-round - 0.14-0.4 cm wide and strip 0.07-0.2 cm thick. In the graves dating back to the Old Iron Age spiral rings are found with 1 to 9 curls. 12 spiral rings distinguish themselves from other rings of this period by having flattened terminals. Such rings are found in Dauglaukis, Upytė, Žviliai. 12 spiral rings are found with widened middle spiral in the front part (Ch. Beckmann’s type 37). It is believed that in Lithuania these types of rings were started to wear in the first part of the IV century. Spiral rings with interwoven tugs were found in Baitai, and Žviliai. Interweaving technique in Lithuanian archeological material is more widely spread in the middle Iron Age. In Lithuania there were found only 4 spiral rings made of silver in Baitai, Pavajuonys-Rėkučiai, Užpelkiai.Sash rings. The facts suggest that in women’s graves there were found 26 sash rings, on the average 0.34 in a grave. The graves in which the buried person was identified as a masculine there were found only 21 sash ring, on the average 0,46 sash ring in a grave. In the graves of the Old Iron Age there were found from 1 to 6 rings. Sash rings might be divided into closed (Ch. Beckmann distinguished as a first group) and open ones (according to Ch. Beckmann belonging to 5th group).The facts suggest that closed sash rings were found in Kurmaičiai, Marvelė, Paulaičiai, Rūdaičiai, Strazdai-Ječiškiai, Vėžaičiai, Žviliai, open sash rings were found in Dauglaukis, Eiguliai II, all the found sash rings are open in Marvelė, Žviliai. According to A. Tautavičius open sash rings were worn in the middle-end of the 1st century A.D. Sash rings in the Old Iron Age were manufactured of square (0.6-1.66 cm wide and 0.05-0.07 cm thick strip), half-round (cross-section strips 0.45-1.8 cm wide and 0.1-0.56 thick), triangle (strips 0.8-1.06 cm wide and 0.24-0.3 thick), convex cross-section strips and round section wire (wire 0.155-0.42 cm in diameter). The earliest sash rings are considered to be made of square cross-section strips. In Sargėnai and Kurmaičiai there were found 3 sash rings with openwork front part (Ch. Beckmann 26). According to M. Michelbertas they were probably worn in B2 / C1-C2 periods. Three sash rings (Dauglaukis, Marvelė) were made of half-round section 1st group bracelets. In disposable material there are only 3 sash rings made of silver (Lazdininkai, grave 57, Marvelė, grave 1186 and Žviliai, grave 91).Rings with overlapping terminals. The rings with overlapping terminals distinguished by archeologists were found in Baitai - graves 7, 8, 14, 18, 38, Gintarai - grave 20, Jagminiškė, Marvelė - grave 1269, Pavajuonys-Rėkučiai - barrow XI, grave 2, Pėžaičiai - grave 3, Santaka - barrow II, grave 1, Sargėnai - grave 37, 242, 323, Užpelkiai - grave 14, Žviliai grave 87, 99, 275, 295. It is possible that these rings are reflection of Roman rings with zoomorphic terminals (in Ch. Beckmann typology type 42) manufactured by the Old Iron Age Western Lithuanian jewelers. The perfect example of which is a ring with overlapping terminal found in Baitai - grave 38. Its terminals are sort of a snake’s head. 1 to 4 such rings are found in the graves. The rings with overlapping terminals were manufactured of round cross-section wire, half-round and square cross-section strips. Silver rings with overlapping terminals were found in Baitai - grave 14, Pavajuonys-Rėkučiai - barrow XI, grave 2 (3 rings), in Žviliai - grave 87 (2 rings).Rings with unconverged terminals. Rings group with unconverged terminals is also distinguished in Lithuanian archeological material. These are the rings that should be attributed to Ch. Beckmann’ group 5. Such rings were found one at a time In Baitai - woman’s grave 21 and area 2, Dauglaukis - grave 103, Palanga, Baltic square - grave 17 and Žviliai man’s grave 259. It is believed that such rings in Lithuania were uncommon (it’s still reflected in archeological material), some of them were worn from 2nd-3rd till 11th-12th century, S. Laul dates back such rings to IV century in Estonia.Rings with wreathed-twisted front part. A group of rings with wreathed-twisted front part corresponding to Ch. Beckmann’s type 22c is also distinguished. Such rings were in Bandužiai grave 63, 74 and Lazdininkai - grave 70. Both rings were found in women’s graves in Lazdininkai, the same silver ring - in man’s grave. The rings date back to 2nd-3rd century according to the material of Lazdininkai necropolis.Cruciform rings. Rings with cruciform front part otherwise cruciform rings are found among Old Iron Age findings. Such rings were found in Dauglaukis - woman’s grave 110, Stragnai and Šarkai - grave 30. According to E. Jovaiša this ring is not just a ring it is symbol of power, regalia. Rings date back to 2nd-3rd century.Signet rings. A ring with widened front part, ending up with a round notch ornamented plate 1.3 cm in diameter found in Barzūnai - grave 16 should be attributed to signet rings as well as rings in Dauglaukis - grave 103 and Užpelkiai, grave 33. Grave 33 dates hack to 3rd-4th century.Decoration. 66 rings it makes up only 16% of all rings found in Old Iron Age burial monuments are ornamented. There were found 40 spiral rings, 61% of all ornamented rings, 13 sash rings (19%), 13 rings with overlapping terminals (19%) and ring fragment (1%).Manufacture. It takes about 5 minutes to produce a spiral ring. The question is if it was worth bringing brass sticks in order to produce a decoration. The rings found in burial monuments prove that they had been used as decoration (found with finger bones segments or at the bracelets) But we also can’t totally reject Ch. Beckmann’s hypothesis that spiral rings could have been the way of payment - some kind of currency unit, especially it concerns the most primitive rings.For conclusion. Ch. Beckmann’s typology of rings is not quite appropriate for Lithuanian archeological material. The typology of this group of decoration should be improved in Lithuania. In the Old Iron Age metal rings in Lithuania already appears in B1 period. They are more abundant in periods C1a-C2.The improvement of the ring manufacture technique might be compared with the appearance of spiral rings with widened front part - C3 - periods. It’s hard to say which group of rings appeared earlier in the territory of Lithuania, archeological material possesses rather simple open sash rings as well as the most primitive spiral ones. In the collected material there are 7 rings, all of them spiral ones, dating back to the first centuries of the era. Appearance of sash rings dates back to B2 / C1 period.Metal rings were worn by men as well as women in the first centuries A.D. Spiral rings are more numerous in women’s graves, sash ones - in men’s graves. Decedents were buried with 1-6 rings. Not always rings found in the graves belonged to the same group.It may be that rings in the Old Iron Age were one of the indicators showing one’s social position. The example of this may be cruciform rings which are found only 3 as yet; Metal rings of the Old Iron Age are mostly found in laminar burial grounds of the Western part of Lithuania, in the barrow territories and in the lower reaches of the river Nemunas.The decoration of metal rings in the Old Iron Age is not complicated. The most popular is vertical hack motive. The manufacture of rings was not complicated in the first centuries A.D.Only cruciform, signet and rings with unconverged terminals are distinguished by more complicated elements of decoration. The rings are apparently manufactured in Lithuania. Though jeweller’s workshops are not detected in Lithuania but judging by the rings which are considered to be smarter copies of rings manufactured outside the Baits territory we can guess that the articles are manufactured by local masters
Senojo geležies amžiaus (I-IVa.) metaliniai žiedai
No full textIntroduction. The Old Iron Age is a period when the number of metal articles in Lithuania increases. Adornment groups increase as well. Metal rings from the Old Iron Age are a group of adornment getting the least researchers’ attention among all the adornment groups of this period. Some attention was given only to exclusive rings. Namely, it was the lack of archeologists’ attention that encouraged to launch this subject. The task of this work was to get acquainted with typology of metal rings, to explore their decoration, try to restore the production of metal rings but the main thing was to collect as much as possible the best part of information and to publish it. In all, the database stores rings dating back to the Old Iron Age.Typology. Typology of rings was first mentioned in “Lithuanian archeological material” by Tarasenka published in 1928. In 1961 P. Kulikauskas describing rings, distinguished a group of sash rings varying according to the cross-section of the wire used for their production. Such rings date back to 2nd-3rd century. Spiral ring group is also divided into varieties according the cross-section of the strip: round (dating back to 2nd-3rd century), triangle. The author attributes “rings with rosette eye” to the third group. They are dated back to the 2nd-3rd c. as well. One of the major events in the typology of rings was Ch. Beckmann’s work “Metilfingerringe der romischen Kaiserzeit im freien Germanien” published in 1969 where she tried to classify all the known rings into groups, types. Namely, it was this work which greatly served Lithuanian archeologists while writing and speaking about rings. The Baltic material from Lithuania was also used in compiling this typology. 8 rings found in burial-grounds of Western Lithuania were also included into the catalogue. Typology was created having 844 items of rings. It is not a great number, having in mind that it was created the whole typology which has been used by almost all Europe for a long time. Some of the groups / types distinguished by the author, to my mind, are not numerous to be distinguished into a type or even a group. In 1986 M. Michelbertas in his study “The Old Iron Age in Lithuania” on the basis of Ch. Beckmann typology, grouped the Old Iron Age rings existing in Lithuanian archeological material. Archeologist. In my opinion the most appropriate typology of the rings from “the Old Iron Age” would be as follows:I group - spiral rings (1. with a widened middle curl; 2. plain spiral rings)II group - sash rings (1. closed; 2. open)III group - rings with overlapping terminals. There is a deep typological gap here - some archeologists distinguish 1.3 curl rings, others consider the same rings as overlapping terminals. The rings in this work are represented the way archeologists entitled them earlier, though in the future I think there should be determined “overlapping” boundaries. There are also might be some troubles speaking about typological differences between open sash rings and overlapping terminal rings. It happens that terminals of the open sash ring overlap too but here there is a small difference, in case of the rings with overlapping terminals their terminals don’t make horizontal line overlapping - most often they are above each other.IV group - rings with unconverged terminals. This term is created by archeologists to name the rings from Palanga or Rūdaičiai. They could be classified as open sash rings but I haven’t done it this time as there should be a common agreement among all the archeologists.V group - signet rings. Not many of them are found in The Old Iron Age burial grounds and they are not so typical as distinguished by Ch. Beckmann.VI group - cruciform rings. The term suggested by M. Michelbertas is used to describe rings decorated by five circles in the front part. I think it is an appropriate term as before we also used to have cruciform pins in findings typology.Rings. In the graveyards dating back to the Old Iron Age one can find spiral, sash rings, rings with overlapping terminals, unconverged terminals, rings with wreathed-twisted front part, cruciform and signet rings. Their diameter used to be 1.3-3.2 cm, height - 0.5-1.7 cm. Even 97% of the rings were made of brass. There were found only 14 silver rings (4 spiral, 3 sash, 6 with overlapping terminals, 1 with a wreathed-twisted front part). Rings belonging to different groups are often found in one grave.Spiral rings were found in women’s graves, on the average 1.29 spiral ring in a grave. Whereas, in men’s graves there were found only 42 spiral rings, on the average 0,91 spiral ring for a buried person. The number of spiral rings found in the graves ranges from 1 to 6. Spiral rings were twisted of triangle, half-round and square cross-section strips or round cross-section wire. The rings twisted of round cross-section wire were manufactured by using wire 0.1-0.5 in diameter, triangle cross-section - 0.15-0.35 cm wide and 0.09-0.18 cm thick; half-round - 0.14-0.4 cm wide and strip 0.07-0.2 cm thick. In the graves dating back to the Old Iron Age spiral rings are found with 1 to 9 curls. 12 spiral rings distinguish themselves from other rings of this period by having flattened terminals. Such rings are found in Dauglaukis, Upytė, Žviliai. 12 spiral rings are found with widened middle spiral in the front part (Ch. Beckmann’s type 37). It is believed that in Lithuania these types of rings were started to wear in the first part of the IV century. Spiral rings with interwoven tugs were found in Baitai, and Žviliai. Interweaving technique in Lithuanian archeological material is more widely spread in the middle Iron Age. In Lithuania there were found only 4 spiral rings made of silver in Baitai, Pavajuonys-Rėkučiai, Užpelkiai.Sash rings. The facts suggest that in women’s graves there were found 26 sash rings, on the average 0.34 in a grave. The graves in which the buried person was identified as a masculine there were found only 21 sash ring, on the average 0,46 sash ring in a grave. In the graves of the Old Iron Age there were found from 1 to 6 rings. Sash rings might be divided into closed (Ch. Beckmann distinguished as a first group) and open ones (according to Ch. Beckmann belonging to 5th group).The facts suggest that closed sash rings were found in Kurmaičiai, Marvelė, Paulaičiai, Rūdaičiai, Strazdai-Ječiškiai, Vėžaičiai, Žviliai, open sash rings were found in Dauglaukis, Eiguliai II, all the found sash rings are open in Marvelė, Žviliai. According to A. Tautavičius open sash rings were worn in the middle-end of the 1st century A.D. Sash rings in the Old Iron Age were manufactured of square (0.6-1.66 cm wide and 0.05-0.07 cm thick strip), half-round (cross-section strips 0.45-1.8 cm wide and 0.1-0.56 thick), triangle (strips 0.8-1.06 cm wide and 0.24-0.3 thick), convex cross-section strips and round section wire (wire 0.155-0.42 cm in diameter). The earliest sash rings are considered to be made of square cross-section strips. In Sargėnai and Kurmaičiai there were found 3 sash rings with openwork front part (Ch. Beckmann 26). According to M. Michelbertas they were probably worn in B2 / C1-C2 periods. Three sash rings (Dauglaukis, Marvelė) were made of half-round section 1st group bracelets. In disposable material there are only 3 sash rings made of silver (Lazdininkai, grave 57, Marvelė, grave 1186 and Žviliai, grave 91).Rings with overlapping terminals. The rings with overlapping terminals distinguished by archeologists were found in Baitai - graves 7, 8, 14, 18, 38, Gintarai - grave 20, Jagminiškė, Marvelė - grave 1269, Pavajuonys-Rėkučiai - barrow XI, grave 2, Pėžaičiai - grave 3, Santaka - barrow II, grave 1, Sargėnai - grave 37, 242, 323, Užpelkiai - grave 14, Žviliai grave 87, 99, 275, 295. It is possible that these rings are reflection of Roman rings with zoomorphic terminals (in Ch. Beckmann typology type 42) manufactured by the Old Iron Age Western Lithuanian jewelers. The perfect example of which is a ring with overlapping terminal found in Baitai - grave 38. Its terminals are sort of a snake’s head. 1 to 4 such rings are found in the graves. The rings with overlapping terminals were manufactured of round cross-section wire, half-round and square cross-section strips. Silver rings with overlapping terminals were found in Baitai - grave 14, Pavajuonys-Rėkučiai - barrow XI, grave 2 (3 rings), in Žviliai - grave 87 (2 rings).Rings with unconverged terminals. Rings group with unconverged terminals is also distinguished in Lithuanian archeological material. These are the rings that should be attributed to Ch. Beckmann’ group 5. Such rings were found one at a time In Baitai - woman’s grave 21 and area 2, Dauglaukis - grave 103, Palanga, Baltic square - grave 17 and Žviliai man’s grave 259. It is believed that such rings in Lithuania were uncommon (it’s still reflected in archeological material), some of them were worn from 2nd-3rd till 11th-12th century, S. Laul dates back such rings to IV century in Estonia.Rings with wreathed-twisted front part. A group of rings with wreathed-twisted front part corresponding to Ch. Beckmann’s type 22c is also distinguished. Such rings were in Bandužiai grave 63, 74 and Lazdininkai - grave 70. Both rings were found in women’s graves in Lazdininkai, the same silver ring - in man’s grave. The rings date back to 2nd-3rd century according to the material of Lazdininkai necropolis.Cruciform rings. Rings with cruciform front part otherwise cruciform rings are found among Old Iron Age findings. Such rings were found in Dauglaukis - woman’s grave 110, Stragnai and Šarkai - grave 30. According to E. Jovaiša this ring is not just a ring it is symbol of power, regalia. Rings date back to 2nd-3rd century.Signet rings. A ring with widened front part, ending up with a round notch ornamented plate 1.3 cm in diameter found in Barzūnai - grave 16 should be attributed to signet rings as well as rings in Dauglaukis - grave 103 and Užpelkiai, grave 33. Grave 33 dates hack to 3rd-4th century.Decoration. 66 rings it makes up only 16% of all rings found in Old Iron Age burial monuments are ornamented. There were found 40 spiral rings, 61% of all ornamented rings, 13 sash rings (19%), 13 rings with overlapping terminals (19%) and ring fragment (1%).Manufacture. It takes about 5 minutes to produce a spiral ring. The question is if it was worth bringing brass sticks in order to produce a decoration. The rings found in burial monuments prove that they had been used as decoration (found with finger bones segments or at the bracelets) But we also can’t totally reject Ch. Beckmann’s hypothesis that spiral rings could have been the way of payment - some kind of currency unit, especially it concerns the most primitive rings.For conclusion. Ch. Beckmann’s typology of rings is not quite appropriate for Lithuanian archeological material. The typology of this group of decoration should be improved in Lithuania. In the Old Iron Age metal rings in Lithuania already appears in B1 period. They are more abundant in periods C1a-C2.The improvement of the ring manufacture technique might be compared with the appearance of spiral rings with widened front part - C3 - periods. It’s hard to say which group of rings appeared earlier in the territory of Lithuania, archeological material possesses rather simple open sash rings as well as the most primitive spiral ones. In the collected material there are 7 rings, all of them spiral ones, dating back to the first centuries of the era. Appearance of sash rings dates back to B2 / C1 period.Metal rings were worn by men as well as women in the first centuries A.D. Spiral rings are more numerous in women’s graves, sash ones - in men’s graves. Decedents were buried with 1-6 rings. Not always rings found in the graves belonged to the same group.It may be that rings in the Old Iron Age were one of the indicators showing one’s social position. The example of this may be cruciform rings which are found only 3 as yet; Metal rings of the Old Iron Age are mostly found in laminar burial grounds of the Western part of Lithuania, in the barrow territories and in the lower reaches of the river Nemunas.The decoration of metal rings in the Old Iron Age is not complicated. The most popular is vertical hack motive. The manufacture of rings was not complicated in the first centuries A.D.Only cruciform, signet and rings with unconverged terminals are distinguished by more complicated elements of decoration. The rings are apparently manufactured in Lithuania. Though jeweller’s workshops are not detected in Lithuania but judging by the rings which are considered to be smarter copies of rings manufactured outside the Baits territory we can guess that the articles are manufactured by local masters
0000
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TWEim'-SEVENTH YEAR
PALO ALTO, CAIJKJRNIA, FRIDAY. JANUARY 3.1919.
NO. 2
Cold Wave Sweeps South;
Killing Frosts to Continue
Tonight And Tomorrow Will Be Freezing—Smudging; Still
Necessary in South—Cold Hits Golf Coast—Snow in
Jackson, Mississippi, Twelve Indies Deep
t»* .. . -1. . ...
*HAN FRANCISCO. Jan. 3~-Cold
weatbi t Miii.i!i;u:,tm by a killing
froal ill ibt- morning, will i-untlunr
throughout ihf --i.il'- ttmlgbt and lu
i:.n!i..- .!.,-: i;.nt tu (br United
Mtatn *eaU*-*J bureau I.- t>■ Siuudg-
<:r. cold am- awrpt southward today
10 the (Jult .-■-■■- and auulbweel Flor-
ids anil eastward otrr ibv Appalark
iau mutuitalua. ttub iniluatluna ibal
11 would :■,-.- I. all parla or lbn east I.,
ii it.'-: and tomorrow A decided drop
Iu Irlnpernturo -* . predicted.
CAMP FREMONT TO
BE ABANDONED BY
LASFOF JANUARY
in* allll ta I- Ing -■ ■■■ rl*-! tu in aoulb- duration ttl 11 ba blot
«iu California to sat* lb* citrus trap. Tb* told extended generally tu ibe
■- jeouUt. ,!..*■ Ml** i- j-. rlrd a toot
t», Ale******* AsMM I of aooa-tba be* tie* l in twenty
WAHHINUTOS Jan 3-Tbe weal-f years
FIGHT OVER COBURN
WUL IS AT AN END
Heirs to Estste oi Late Loren
Coburn Reach Amicable '
Agreement
Heirs to (bu Coburn estate have
ended tbn sensational fllbl otar tbr
all! of tba late l-oreo Culiuri. of I'es
endero t-> nihil an asslgumilit snd
an agreement ami Ilm iho coolest.
Tho saatgnment littata tba Coburn
Millions oa though Coburn bod died
.:■-'.*:.* nt:-*:;. git ing one half of
th« etuli lu tbe vidua, Mrs Sural,
**-atlra Coburn. and ooebslf to ber
aged nnd li - ti.- I ' *;.;■'...,. Wallace l-orvii Coburn Wallace's hslf.
how e tur, la In Iba truat of Airo tbe
fiupht-w nnd tti I of tuuivalsiil of Mr.
CobUfn'a will lu (ba ti.eUI that Ws;
Una dies, Arru Coiiuru become* heir
to ibat tiair.
Carl Coburn. stluplad sou uf Ij ran
i'obura - brother, and bla *..'■■ both
ol I'. .-..:■ ;■■ '.■ -'.-.. ■: i ■ :,.:■ Superior
Judgi i:. i- II lluck. 'Iin -ij. tbst
tbi-y did not bt-lip11- Coburn hi com-
;.■;.-;.■. when 111- signed [hr will wll
!.. -m :l by them, t . ..in -l!,i:.[ niosi of
bla property iu Airo Judge 11 tick
tli.-n drillf0 tbr pvtltluu of tho nephew
IO I..,-1- Hit- dut'UliiSIlt at!::.l'l.-il to
[i rub* It- Mr. and Mra Carl Cuburn
-aid lh-.*/ did not bsllsto l-orea Co
'■_-• '■— 1 been ' ■■■■;• !■ ■■: tor yeara
Superior Judge Hud Bar of Ban
lM-ntto fount*' ■■■■:■ •■■•* ths bench
and -jilt:.iiiid (he will r.lrtl I) Mr*
lotmrn m pnibato
An nnnnnnl nii<d in <)it- county
recorder's ot*** al»o protod an Inter
estlng tl.-. -.:..Mil In (bn troubled affairs nf lha Coburn*. (ho matt litigated rami)*' In th* weat. Tbls agree
rnt-nt transfers half of the option lo
purchaa* ih-- IV•rail*-ro ranch of Co-
burn, which la hold by (*. II. Wlde-
tnonn. (o Airo Cobnrn. upon payment
of lH>n.fK«. repreeentlng on.-tialf tbe
Ct-rt ot llip iniprotomt-nta made by
Wldrmann Wldcmaun and Mr* Co
L-rri _** aiiadc WallBC-B ItOItkB Co
■jurn's guardian* liy lha will admltreil
in probate*
Wrecking U ,:■-..■■ ■.;.■( -.:.. in-l
rapidity ai Cainp t :■ 1...--I Tbo tonls
and a Large part of :•■> buildings ar«
atr**-l) sal tag Ml, tuid It I* expected
that tbo camp sill lie uu mure tban
a iiiiim rj wltbln tba luonlb ll hsa
I'm ufQclaJIy auiauuui. .1 tliat tbt- land
n.i iuii> .1 la ib* {nllitary reaortca will
ba rsiuroad to Ita ..--...;. by JauiMU7
SIM,
t'ttr ib* ptsat two *•■*• ,vv ■-
lit'., il lucu and utmcummlaalonetl ol-
'•' in bat* I...-!. en-cag**t] lu ».i.»s,n
(ba bulldluga and t-gulpiurul on tba
-i. -■ n ■ i-i,i ij t.f :■■..;■,, ii In Ibe l-.^MI.
IHtlaiuu 1'ractlc-tlly all u( tbo lu.uoo
laul turma aud btKi miaa lialla hatu
Le.-n toru dowu aud ibc luuibor
atackeO In plltM roody to lie hauled
*"i; by Iboae dt-alrlus lo purrbaan
It Tbe !■• *'i i: ,i- . ■ ; .'. ut work I*
nnlutnt is Ibe -.-■....» u( Urxe
--.•■ I...... - uf which n.i-:. ar* two
run • extending tot i.eatl) a mile?
■ luuf ibe railroad apur lending inio
(bo map It 1» oallmat.'d by ibu*o in
coiuiuaud thai Ibl* work isn be com
plated within tbe t****wa**fc i-t-rlud,
alluWlng tbo rt-malnder ol ibo luontli
(ur fllltag in tbo prscdea (rvuebe* and
(or amuothliis off tb* : .-■■' ... i>f
camp wber* oba true lion* bad boen
btUIt
Haltsg* wurk ou tbt* suilhary rw
liiouliE depot It alao [truer*-.*Ins 1*1*
Idly, but lis* l-i*oti ti-tuporarU) latitat*
ruplr-d tu cuifiitlolc tbr aalo of lionet
and iniulpmont altailird llirro. ll
waa ftatetl, bownver. ilia! th* tlnal
cloanup of tbn plsci' will ba com-
piitrd liy the end of next wetik.
Tbe bsae huapltal, which aa been
.'.,-.>■:..-. ■. Ly ibc Wsr Department a*
■ contalriccnt hoapllal. will b* lb*
>■■■■) ponton of th^ ramp relal&nl
In t..;..;.-..;.-■ wltb lb« plan* tor
the trumi-dlstr stiaiidoiniiriil uf the
■ sinp. ii wsa BM.i.niii.ii today by
Cauip tTuiuuiaUdxt Cului.a! CllU.rt
Van ll Wllkea ttia( tin- rl«tn* wtnt-h
lha gotenimtnil now holda fur uao of
lbn isnda occupied by ttin c*mp wit!
be rolln<,ul*h**d si one*
A board ot officer* ba* been con-
trnad Sl !;..■- i.ril.-nif-ri (o laka
ib* ;..n t-iij action oti aU claim*
for damages arising oul t-f Ibo u»e
and 1'iui-ii.ii of t-.uli landa Claim*
(ur damage* muat W* aupj-oriod by
proper alalemcut*. in writing, which
.I*limit:tit* rnuat bo sent lo the coin-
matidlng olTlrvr at Camp l*rrmont. at*
initlon board af claim*, aa .aoon as
practical. Ir. order thai tbs adjuatment
i.r sll aucb claims may b. mado
Aftsr diacharglag UU ol th* msn
,'*::-■■: sl ibis csmp., sll dlarbsrges
wen- ordered atopped uhill Iho oSc-
UI nt-mtii.t.....:-,'. of tb* ramp. Tbi*
l-n.r. :.'...-. men at the ramp, Including Hi'*.- atailoned at th* rtimount
iiopot and the bsae hoapltsi. Of tlii*,
itiimbnr over fctMO won- onliatod for
the duraiion of th-* war snd will r*
Mlsa their dl*chsr*-e* after January
31 Thr remslDd'r are attached to
Ihe regular army and will be assigned iiit'-i Wratrrn IVparttnrnl al
Han f :.■:.:.-■ i
PALO ALTO HAS A
"HEEL" FIRE TODAY
Thl* mnrnlnK,about 11 o'clock tho
fir* drpanment helped to alage a regular "mo'tr" Are—«pec(si-ulsr bal
hatmleas
-A rblmacy at *■!-*• Addlr-on a,*-. :.-
burned out wltb a groat dlaplay of
■ E-arka and amok*- The Are department lurned oui and rettdored flrsl
sld No damage reaulted
Latest Neil's 1
REQIONAL FREIGHT EMSAROO
NO BLOCK TO OVERSEAS
.lij .1i,*.*ft* flint
WASHINOTON, Jon. J - Wbou m>
tilled i..-i*» tbat tb* r*<lo-aal siab-argo
bad beea orderad oo aiport freight
-...-.. i... i.i- tu Now York. Uosloo. and
I'hlUdalpbla. railroad admlBlsUmUoa
uSclals saM tb* .actloa was ********
by local- ii.-.-.-..- ic*. oeadlUosa, whlcb
might ba rwmodi*-] .In a weak and
Ibst It had uot it.it-rlei.-J with lh*
Dllimi mutomem ol *uppil*« fur
Mi., rii-t. troop* and Chilian rallof.
• • • v.
SENATOR LODGE AMSWERS
ACCUSATIONS, OF LEWIS
t»t At*****,,* exM)
WAtlHINOTUN. Jan. 3. Boaaiur
Lodge ul Ma»aacbll*-tlta, lit I jI-Uaii
loader, r.j HeJ In tb* Henai* today
tu a tbargs uutde yesterdsy by Ben
alor l-e«l* ol llllnola, Itrmotrsl. that
the lirpublltant were attemptliig in
eiiibsrraaa I'realdont Wllaon abroad
and jiri-.i'iil unity In llie Hmiislf. tl'
-1. ■■)...-. -i peace uegoilatlun* abould b*
>mp>ted *■ quickly as poulblr. tur
ery dsy* delay twake* ll atura dlt
firull lu make i-.n. wltb ■••:•■ *■■ •
9 9*
POINCAIRE MAV VISIT
U. * IN AUGUST
*r *
nt r-t
NO MORE CORNERS
TO BE CUT IN SOUTH
SAN FRANCISCO
In a t-omniuiiii atliin In the ('alitor
mn Stale Autmuulillf Aa-Hx-I*tlun,
Chief or I'nllce (' (' Conrad ol South
San PraDCl*--o aortea m it Ice upon (bo
motoring public thai hla department
purpose* hereafter lo In tile t the full
penalty ot the law upon motorists who
pet-alal In ibr ptsrtlre ot . ;"::;.- corners i : .. , Conrsd -• = ■■> lost during
tho past eight tnuMhi thrre hs* been
a largo number of arridenta In South
San Franclai.o dur to cutting cormera
*:.t'. fast driving, notably on Sunday*.
Iron tlit.lt- about fourteen Inrbes In
diameter and •!.!■■■ inrhoa In height,
painted while, havo been placed at
the principal atreet tnierseciiona snd
hrrcafir-r trhlclra will bo requlrd lo
g-oarunnd theae dl*k* In making the
Totting corner* will bo considered
S -■ ..if..- offenae agalnat the Irafflc
law in Soulh Ssn l*rsnrI*ro Irom now
on,* ******** Chiet Conrsd to *Ji-> Automobile Aaaoclsllon. "and I am writing yuu in the hope that you will
notify your mrmbora snd sl! other
1 mi>tort«t* to (hla effect, antfrlpatlng
jtbat we will hate their cooperation In
) reducing ihe number of accidents by
ellmlnsting the practice of culling
1'AlllH. Jan. 1. l'rv*ld*iit Tola-
calre may tl*lt ibe I'ulied Htaloa la
Auguat. wrlli-a Charlea Utnraaa III Kl
Itilurinatlon, today.
• • •
PEACE CONFERENCE
MAY OPEN JAN. IS
Iff, Au*tt**,* . ...
1'AHIH. Jan 3 -Tborr I* *tery
likelihood, according lo ths morning
urwapai-t'la lhal tbo peace miiti-r
once, ur rather llie preliminary con
lermirtt trotwrcu the futir great Alllna,
■ III open January 13
• • *
SUn4eT" division
OUS FOR EARLY RETURN
>r .*•*****•!*' Pit**,
WAHIHNUTON. Jan 3 -iTsetlcally
lh* entlr* tl*t IMtltlon iButitet) ws*
Included Id a lltt of unit* annouiired
oday I>) ibo War Hepattineui a* aa.
ilgiiod fur early convoy from fiance
• • •
MANY WOUNDED 6T1LL
ON WRECKED TRANSPORT
i», A,t*t*u,, l*i,n,
Hilt. IILANOi, N V.. Jan. 3 - -
1 ..■: ■■ . Ihouaand aoldler* hod born
r- • .■■>•■: frum lb* *■:.- :,.: (rsnaport.
Nurlboru lUtlCc. al 1 O'tlock this sf
ternoon. Iraving *,W- aboard, Including
tho moot *-*rtuu*lj wounded. alMiut
nne liundr.-d of thorn llilrr rase* II
la Imped that a calmer «ea will permit Hie rriiiuvsl of the** lomormw
• * •
PRICE OF SOILERS ANO
RADIATORS CUT ti PCT.
iPj Ai******** t***-t
CIIICAOO, Jan J—A cut of :i per
cent in prlres of radiator*, boiler*
snd uthrr ataple* of thl* manufacture
ws* annutiriri-d bare today by Ihn
American Iladlsior Company
TWENTY-SIX CASES
OF INFLUENZA IN
LAST THREE DAYS
Tb- number of Influenia rase* re-
,■,;!•'; tu the health offlier yeaterday
waa aeven
Thl* bring* (bo total tor thn paai
ihn-" day* ifff lo (wimty-tlx and *eom*
to bear out Iho prediction uf thf
health ulTlrtir that tbo holiday retain-
lion of rautlun would bring nn In
errs** in Ihe dlaeasa.
STANFORD SPIRIT
BACK ONTHE FARM
Cwapu Alive With Plant for
* Return te the Good
Old Timet
tUrUaford it as*!.. "Tbe t ,:■*. Tho
dAJW* ol tb* la.llitai ■ ! r ■*■■: ...» COOP
or* wtor. oad lb* i—i aunlurd aplrlt
Is one* mors bubblloS- •- Irunl of
lh* rsfUtror's oBlca is tb* i- ■> ot
bs&dlls wbo formorl) uad* HI* i;««.i-
for tb* aasopliuilcaiod wliu ap-
pruachod wllb mouey aud doparied
with tarda algultylng tholr mombvr
ablp lu or subscript lift lu a thousand
and una dl&sraat tklaga.
Hushing is «"U-« on :... (urvs
t :-;■ -.-. ■'--> ■ -;< **** ■■■*■■ *-■-- with
puaalbl* aanlbllallun aud }uy bo*
tume back to III*.
Committee* (ur play a ami all aotla
ot liwtltlllca are mefllns 1-t.ai nlgbl
tin.. Juulor Opera tumi'tli;.-. waa na-
aniililetl ti) Ibe tlialritiei., la-fUud
llckerliig. who will SIlMl th* corn-
lug produttlun, Dptira* are being
wriilen and win ba *utiuiiitrd (o ih*
i..::.!..[:1m nelt week Th* author, J;
ur. and cumponat will then cooperate to bate lb* ptod.it iton ready
for presentation In rsctttd UUie. Tb*
data I* not )H set tor Junior Week,
bul ll will prubnbly be uba.-nt-d early
In March. Aud ll Will be a reguUr
uldtlme Jamur Weak wnn all tbe
trlmiuliiga.
Tonight tbe Orst Uau* of tba iNUly
I'alo Altu will appear and ll will nut
again b* aocasssry lu *sy "IM1>"
with crossed Dagsra. Tuesday at It)
O'ckKk I'reaidonl Wllbar. MU* liar-
iu-: lirsdford. and 1> Chsrle* Uardnar
will welcome ibv now aludrnla al a
Huhcrally aasombl-r.
Ilogiatraiiou flguroa an nut y*(
■iiall.il.li- bul b] Ibe m-j.i ,.i.i:.. . ot
llf* un (b* quod, (bey will ho (airly
high ICnclna Hall Is occuplod. wlih
iho oit'epliou uT UUb Biiur. aud tt*-
(orally huaaes or* *»•■-. upon Tba
A A T C me*a boll opened Its dour*
today a* a boarding bout* rste* !-"
a month to nil comer*
Man) of lh* men whu bnto been
in ibe ireuchcB or army campa since
they laat burrlod about tbo arendu*
are back again aoino lu uniform and
ti-!.i ;. In the iliue-hunutu.l cord* and
t.ti..-Mi ■ *hlrta. They sra ouUHllg
tho coining .,;i.-iri.t with a ue* »■!
whlcb pruphoatea uu* uf tho liveliest
lerma in the history of tltahfurd
MORE ANIMALS TO
BE AUCTIONED AT
REMOUNT STATION
One (hiiuannd hor*o* sm! mule* at
Camp Kirn-out will be *old at public
suciiun al (he ramp auxiliary remuunt
.]-ip.il beginning *• \ ■■ am Friday,
January lu. asd conllnulng dally until
ill i.f lb* animal* arr auld Word to
M* •■(••! i bo* been ••■ nt.tj at the
1" ui chsmlier of rummercs from Cap
11 V. Jonea. ramp iiuarlormaalor.
lorma will be atrlclly rsah and all
tin* nasi u ihiuuiih] wiii.ii. :i
m arier (h* Sale A halter wll! bs
furriiahril wltb IMS hiiraa told
DESTRUOIONOFHUN
CAPITAL SHIPS URGED
WAHIII.SUTON. J*n 1 —le-i-atruc
lion of Sll capital Mp* of lb* Oermnn
n*ty surrendered to Hi* Allle* w*a
recommendrd iu (be lluuio Nats! Affair* Commltir-e lodsy by Hear Ad
inlral Hodman, whu iinnmstidid (lie
Amarlcsn fleet in Hi* North Hes dur
Ing ths wsr.
Casualty.List
,tt* Ai******** l-tetti
WABHISllTON, Jsn. J.-The to)
lowing c*a ual tiara, are tepurted by lb*
cumuiaudlng general uf Ihe American
Lspedlilonary Force*.
Killed In notion
tied of wuuada
Mrd ttt ml.:, iii and other csu*e*
tied uf disease Z9
Wounded aetrrely Zll
Wounded .-.tiiti- undelerwlneO) IS!
Mlaelug In octluu tl
Wounded allghti) ..,,- Ill
\&*
Tutsi ..lull
Callfurulau* uu litis tlat'lolluw.
Died uf .:.--*.- :-. ,».-tt'. Jocub 8.
i ni...)!.. i....-i..ii-:.i. I'rltat* James
J Hut-bar, 1.1 tteguoilu
Uml o( wound* I'rltat* Oilier H
IVllowa. l-o* Angele*.
Wounded aetoiel) I'll tali- Horace
C Cue, fU Oeniro.
W imuili'd idi'sri'o uinlnli'iinluetli
t'orpoisl lleiiiy W. i***y*>i, Umg
BMSRj PlttaiM llu) Hroyhlll. Mo
di-alo. (Julaappi liuaal. :- -.* I'i an-
claco. I'arbsm I. llumaiuck. I'olnla.
Wounded allghliy -I'rltatee lbs*
J. -Aiduor. lied lilud, Jamea U. Duna.
_mA_tt-9*i Waller 11 I'arkrr. llrrk
GERMAN TROOPS
ON POSEN FRONT
• • *
-.1', thmtmot A.mi
liAblaK. .*.-..-...;.', ii(a*M). Jon.
I :■- •■ ... u. ; i:.-i. anay corp* bat*
been tuiKinliali'd ou Ibr border be
Iwren l*i*rti and 1'ruaalo. m-curdllig
tu ihu Narlirl.Iit-.ii. tit FratiLfurt Uor
Oiatiy, It la odiloil. tisa detldml to da
fend her MghlS tu Ibe provlniu of
ANTI-PERUVIAN
FEELING IN CHILE
STILL RUNS HIGH
IB* Ana.-iit *WMj
l-IMA. I'ctu. Jan 3- -Hemoiistrs-
lluna again*! rorutiana couiltiuo In
lillo, arn.iilliii iu uutiRlclal n-|niri*
ritfltoil li«■!.., and atoamahlpa am arriving ai M-,ti. ml,. stid Cailso wllb
many IVrututn rofugtxs from Chll*
MATSONU IN NEW YORK
WITH 3207 SOLDIERS
\a*'
Ue Pitt
HBW VOIIK. Jan. 3.-- The U. B.
army Inaipprt, Mataoul*. with a,3UT
ufllcura anil turn, luoslly Itlnu Ihe Tar
weal, arrlt.nl lutr* (uday.
NKW VOIIK, Jaa 3—Among lb*
units aboard war* SSI man of tb*
Itld field Artillery. lOtb Depot IM-
tleloa. Including the I load quarter*
■'■■-i-i :■. *ui Cvinpauloa C. D. £. and
1*. aoton men uf iho Ordnance l>o-
partiiiaul, and olotun meu ot iho Medical lJepartm*0L
INTER-CHURCIH STAG
TOMORROW EVENING
r*.
Tomorrow nlgbl at Ibe M*thodli
-'■::-!. an .t,l. i .:,,-;, l. -*taj~ will b*
held. Jw-jlnnlng at T:J0. All univeraity
turn Bte tu Ih- wi-l.uluod
The ol.Jeci uf Uil* gol-logelber le lo
acquaint ibo collego men wllb tho psi
torn and rhunita membiTo of i'aln Alt.
I'latis for the IllUa study claaae* (o l.f
ulTered by the Hlanford Y. M. C. A.
during tin- tiuarler will bo uutllned
There will be aat*. atunta and games,
Back Again?
Stanford Calendar
Tucidij. 7th
Asastnbly of wolrom* lo o«w sta-
drats. Speaker*: Prealdent Wllbor.
l«'m of Women, and Chaplain I>.
Cttarles Clardr.er.
Doo't surrender your I-il-orty Ikrnd.
otmdlUcaiallr or UDCotidltlotiaHy
Ar* mu: a itatriol or a pretandar?
How about your Vi, B B. pledge?
13.WO.000 WORTH OP WAR
MATERIAL SAVED;
. Atieti—ei Fftt)
TOCR3. France. Jsn, 3 —The Americas v.; ■:.'.!.- -ri aatvogv depart- -
n rni has saved daring lha past sli
■mpatha over t~.*'•'.<•'" worth of war
material by recoveilng. repairing, and I
collecting (be previously re*-*-e(ed
equipment of th* soldlors. sct-ordlng
to otneera of lbs Qua Herman a t* Dt-
tisi-tmem bars.
Italy's Rulers Receive
Wilson in Rome Today
President's Program Includes Lunch With Quttn Mother,
PvliamtnUl Reception, State Dinner snd Visit from
Quinnal—Roman Citizenship Conferred
!<• 1. ■• •». J f',-,
IIOMK. Italy. Jan 3. -I'roeldeul
Wllaon arrl.til lu Iktimo at l> -'-
thla iiiurnliig He ws* raceltud at
tbu Blatlun by Klug Victor i:.- ,...„■;
slid queen llrknia, uiwuibere til tba
guiari.DiDUt, end tupretaiilalitv* ul
Ib* lues! authorities.
Th* prugrniu ariang-Ml lur ('resident Wll*oa* entertslauiem today In
PR(MJERMANPLOT
LEADERS SENTENCED
IB? Aftieitt Pitt**
KAN FHANl'lHCO. Jan. J Hubert
Capell* aud Juaeph I- Itlaj. iuh
f 1 loader* In a plot dirvclrd by
the Herman guteruiurut lu i-rutlsluu
Herman wsrsbipa sl een Iiwm ibis
purl, lu t lulalloa ul Amorlcou uou
(rslliy, watt- gitou II nnd Ik moulds
rttspectlVely In Mi.Null Ulaud (eiloral
penitentiary by United Btalea Dltlrlct
Judge Wllilam C Van Flo«l bora loday Caps)!* wsa former ogcui for
North .,.;....i, Uoyd Htoomahlp
luuipany here Hie) wss a ctMiuma
broker.
i luO.d a luiicbt-oa with Queen Mother
Margbarlta. a recapllwa by lbs parlla
:■■ ■■„■. and a *ltt* dinner wilb King
Vutur kmnnue). lullowlng lb* visit lo
tbn pn'sldeui of n dopuiailon froai
Uie Qulrlnal.
Ia tbo ovsulng tb* clilMusblp of
Home will ba t-oaf*rr«0 upon tha
Y" PROGRAM FOR
YEAR OUTLINED
AT BIG BANQUET
About tblrtj flv* paalors. aludaut
raprrsautalli.* ot tbe caupue V. M.
C A . and the "Y" board ot dlrectur*.
wlih a miuibtr uf bualne** men tlbo
are frlandt of lb* Christian A*socls
lion work, met al a batiquri Isal bight
In tbs Hoist I'olo All...
tiavld It I'urlar, tutu ma llonal alu
dent secretary uf Iho V. U. C. A., was
tin- guasl uf honor. Willi him wore
(Jala Bosnian, s(udent aocraiary uf
tha Woalorn I>apanmeni, aad bl* as-
stsunt. lu.'-.h McAfls*.
Mr. r. :■.. r mads a gsnaral stata-
mont of the' "V progrstn wblcb Is
being suited la sll Lbs Institution* of
lb* country-- * program ot runatruo-
ilti> Christian democracy for tha
world, and presented (ho challenge tu
earh man horo (o do his psrt.
Mr. Besmsn rslsiiHl hla usclUng n
|ii-ri«r.< f* whan lorpttdoud whit* cross
Ing th* Atlantic with (1 varied-.* of
V. If, C, JL aacrotsrle*.
Th* evening wss a delightful on*
IO an and proted or Inspiration io
many
FORMER NATIONAL .
GUARD UNITS IN
SAN FRANCISCO
iBf AtttteAti Prtiti
(MKI-AND. Jsn. 3-natlorle*
and II and oo* company of casuals or
(h* UM Artillery. rorm*r Oakland
and Han Frsccl*co National Hoard
itt.it*. arrived bare and war* wsl-
welcomed home today
DAILY WITHER REPORT
Time* forecast for Bsturdsy: Oen
srslly clear; killing froot.
Temperstur* yeetsrdsy, Jsnuiry 2:
silmum 12 (s yssr too tt; twra
/ears sgo **; thr** ,**>» sgo Of),
minimum 2) (s yssr s**s 13; tt*« yssre
«go 41; litres yssrs *** 41).
Obsorvstlena at S a.m. snd noon to-
(*sy win reaptctlvtl*/: Oaromelcr
M.4I. 30.4? Inches; thermsmolar 24,
147 dapre**; nynrom.i.r too, M per
c*nt. -w*sth*r semsvrhst foggy, hssy;
wind calm, nearly estm.
Jsn. >: Tlm* of *unrl*s. 7:24; sun*
t**!. 5:01.
I Tb* high preaanra of sir ■ ■'•
I Inches) 1* allll renirsl over Nevi
■ i'i- '■ -'. i ■:..■!.'!-.: -. while th* other
'high pressure (3D.C .tnchesl la contra!
-, In iho Middle W'est with lemporsture
■ 10 below loro. The former Is cooUn-
ulrrg Ihe cold wi-stln-r In Csllfornla.
. while Ihn Inner la i-snalng tnlenae rnld
.In Chicago. Karma. City. III. l-ouls.
Duluth. Bt. Paul, raepactlvely. sl T
a.m , t below saro. 12 below, 23 below,
ll below
Allhough It was rslnlog with north-
\*M__ -■■-'• in H-»*toj) at 8 am tot-tar.
the prrclpltntlim probably soon wss
ehsnged to snow or trot* on the
ground sa It roll. Tho chsng* In lorn-
paratura In thai rlty trom lha( of i ■ -
i-m1.iv waa 12 (terrene (If a( R am);
lh* change In temp*'rat me in New
York City WS* 14 degrees (33 degreee
above inro); while Ibe change In
- Waahlngtoa. D. C. was 1« ttscrsaa (34;
degree* above urol. Tb* weather In
Ihst dlttrii-t wilt trt.it. be am h colder
tomorrow.
TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY
w.itit. ! *;:-' for general hottso-
work; ihr--*-. In fsniilv 37S Colerldga
Ata.; 1*1. 1' A. SSS. 1*21'
NO PLANS MADE
TO KEEP BIG U.S.
FORCE IN EUROPE
Project ior Permanent Military Establishment Not to
Be Presented Soon
WAiilllNUTUN. Jan. 3 Na dacUloa
bs* been roat-hed by Iba war d*part
ment on lha quoeliuii ul uulversal mil
.i.u) nervine, rlacretary uf War llaki-t
luld Iho bous* military . .mimlll*a to
day. aad be Indlrsted that bo deflait*
pf-ajsct for a permanent military aa
tabliabmtni would ba pr wealed lo
■ ungrett* unill lb* p*oc« cooforaoca
Had , i.m i-.ni.-ii its worh.
Wbou aaked wbatber II would l>*
•taseury lu knap a large fore* lu i.i
iujh! fur at least two years, tbs sacra
lary sold:
"We hupa il.*i Is not true; wa ar*
