1,720,995 research outputs found
En jämförelse av ellastcyklar och konventionella fordon för transporter av små laster - Slutrapport av delprojekt inom GrönBostad Stockholm [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textSyftet med denna studie är att beräkna hur mycket den fossila energianvändningen minskar vid användandet av eldrivna lastcyklar istället för diesel- eller eldrivna lastbilar. Studien inkluderar också beräkningar av skillnaderna i växthusgasutsläppen för de olika fordonen. Uppdraget är utfört på uppdrag av Stockholms Cykelåkeri AB och projektet har finansierats av Grön BoStad Stockholm.</p
En jämförelse av ellastcyklar och konventionella fordon för transporter av små laster - Slutrapport av delprojekt inom GrönBostad Stockholm
No full textSyftet med denna studie är att beräkna hur mycket den fossila energianvändningen minskar vid användandet av eldrivna lastcyklar istället för diesel- eller eldrivna lastbilar. Studien inkluderar också beräkningar av skillnaderna i växthusgasutsläppen för de olika fordonen. Uppdraget är utfört på uppdrag av Stockholms Cykelåkeri AB och projektet har finansierats av Grön BoStad Stockholm
Evaluating environmental policy instruments for ships [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textShipping is crucial for international trade, but has significant environmental impacts at local, regional, and global levels. Ship operations contribute to climate change, air pollution, and marine ecotoxicity through emissions of greenhouse gases, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and contaminants from sources like antifouling paints. Although the International Maritime Organization (IMO) aim to mitigate environmental impacts from shipping, the sector’s environmental policies often lag behind land-based measures, highlighting the need for stronger policies and comprehensive policy evaluations. This thesis investigates the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments in reducing emissions from shipping, with a focus on three policy cases addressing different policy approaches: port and fairway fee discounts (Paper I), inclusion of shipping in the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) (Paper II), and the IMO global sulfur cap (Paper III). By examining these policy cases, the thesis analyzes how these policies influence shipping companies´ decisions to invest in different abatement strategies. Additionally, this thesis evaluates how different national, regional, and global policy instruments, both individually and in combination, influence shipowners' decisions to invest in abatement strategies. It also examines the subsequent impact on emissions beyond those directly targeted by the policies. The first case (Paper I), which addresses Swedish environmentally differentiated port and fairway fees, shows that the discounts provided to shipowners are insufficient by themselves to motivate significant investment in abatement strategies. The second case (Paper II) evaluates the inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS, indicating that while abatement strategies such as batteries, e-methanol, and liquid hydrogen show potential, their high costs, in combination with the current EU ETS price, hinder broad adoption. Bio-methanol can for some ships and scenarios be a cost-effective fuel choice, however biofuels are limited by the amount of sustainably sourced feedstock. Overall, the Swedish environmentally differentiated port and fairway fees (Paper I) and the EU ETS policy cases (Paper II) highlight that while environmental policies are relevant, their current designs often fail to provide sufficient financial incentives for significant technological investment and emission reductions. The third case (Paper III) focuses on the IMO global sulfur cap, which successfully has reduced sulfur oxides emissions to the atmosphere but instead lead to a widespread use of scrubbers, generating new environmental concerns from scrubber water discharges. The results also highlight that combining the effects of the Energy Efficiency Design Index, a potential global scrubber ban, and an expanded EU ETS (including 100% of incoming and outgoing traffic) have synergistic effects that will reduce abatement costs for shipowners and thereby stimulate emission reductions or directly reduce emissions. However, abatement costs per amount avoided CO2-emissions for retrofitting to use e-methanol are still more than four times higher than the current EU ETS-price. Furthermore, the results show that including smaller ships in EU ETS is important for reducing direct GHG emissions, further highlighting the need for a broader regulatory scope
The Blood Wedding Ring, Assessing the Life Cycle Lives Lost in Gold Jewelry Production
Get PDFThis study investigates the human health impact of gold jewelry during its entire life cycle. Gold has many negative impacts on human health during its life cycle, such as emissions and accidents during different stages in the life cycle. There are also indications that mining of different minerals leads to conflicts and that minerals, such as gold, are used for financing military activities resulting in people getting killed, injured or displaced. Especially the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is associated with conflict gold. Consequently, gold produced in the DRC is the main focus of this study, while gold produced in Sweden and South Africa
are included for comparison.The main method of this thesis is an attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) with an
expanded social perspective. The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) is the indicator, and the results are quantified for the amount of gold in one typical wedding
ring and per kg of gold. The indicator DALY is chosen since it allows for considering different types of causes of death and impairment, including conflicts, occupational
hazards and environmental hazards. The aim is not to reach an exact figure of how many years of life that are lost, but rather to evaluate the magnitude of different
processes. The three types of human health impacts that are quantified in this study are: impacts from environmental emissions, impacts from work environment accidents, and impacts from conflict. About 0.4 years of life were lost per wedding ring for gold produced in the DRC, which is several orders of magnitude larger than the impact of gold produced in South Africa and Sweden. The calculated number for life years lost is very high for such a small amount of gold, creating credibility for the title of this tudy: “the blood wedding ring”. The impact from the conflict is several orders of magnitude larger than the impact in any other process. If the impact assessment result from the conflict is excluded from the results, the emissions occurring at the extraction and processing of gold instead had the greatest impact, several orders of magnitude larger than any other process. In particular, mercury emissions to air had a high impact on human health during the processing of gold in artisanal mining in the DRC. The other processes
have more minor impacts on human health.
Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate data gaps and uncertainties. These analyses in general showed that the results of the impact assessment are reasonable.
The overall conclusion is that even though the results are uncertain, the conflict’s impact on human health is still several magnitudes larger than those of all other processes evaluated in the study
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Measures to Reduce Emissions from Ships A case study: An early evaluation of the potentials of digitalization and changed framework for port calls in the Port of Gävle.
No full textMany ports today want to improve the information flow in the logistics chain to be able to make port calls more efficient and thereby reduce the waiting times for ships, terminals and other operators in the logistics chain. The Port of Gävle is part of two ongoing projects, where digital tools and improvement of the current regulatory and structural framework in the port are being evaluated. The example calculations made in this study show that the potential to reduce emissions at sea is great even at minor speed reductions. For example, the annual greenhouse gas emissions for all incoming vessels would decrease by 8 300 tonnes of CO2-e if the ships would lower their speed at sea from last port by only 5%. This can be compared to effects from a shorter time at berth that not only can reduce emissions from ships quayside but also from ships at anchor, due to shorter waiting times. The potential reduction with 7% shorter times at berth is between 600 and 900 tonnes of CO2-e/year and the reduction at anchor is estimated to be between 825 and 3 860 tonnes of CO2-e/year.The new digital solutions in combination with a new port framework open the possibility for ports to improve planning and communication of time slots at quay for arriving ships. With less time spent in port and guaranteed time slots at arrival, the ships no longer must compete to get to the port first and can sail in reduced speed at sea
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Measures to Reduce Emissions from Ships A case study: An early evaluation of the potentials of digitalization and changed framework for port calls in the Port of Gävle. [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textMany ports today want to improve the information flow in the logistics chain to be able to make port calls more efficient and thereby reduce the waiting times for ships, terminals and other operators in the logistics chain. The Port of Gävle is part of two ongoing projects, where digital tools and improvement of the current regulatory and structural framework in the port are being evaluated. The example calculations made in this study show that the potential to reduce emissions at sea is great even at minor speed reductions. For example, the annual greenhouse gas emissions for all incoming vessels would decrease by 8 300 tonnes of CO2-e if the ships would lower their speed at sea from last port by only 5%. This can be compared to effects from a shorter time at berth that not only can reduce emissions from ships quayside but also from ships at anchor, due to shorter waiting times. The potential reduction with 7% shorter times at berth is between 600 and 900 tonnes of CO2-e/year and the reduction at anchor is estimated to be between 825 and 3 860 tonnes of CO2-e/year.The new digital solutions in combination with a new port framework open the possibility for ports to improve planning and communication of time slots at quay for arriving ships. With less time spent in port and guaranteed time slots at arrival, the ships no longer must compete to get to the port first and can sail in reduced speed at sea.</p
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