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Headache as an urgent neurological symptom
No full textGlavobolja je bolno stanje koje nastaje kao posljedica pojačane aktivacije nociceptora te je rezultat prijenosa boli iz intrakranijskih, ali i ekstrakranijskih struktura glave i vrata. Osnovna podjela glavobolja dijeli ih na primarne i sekundarne. U primarne uzroke glavobolja spadaju migrena, tenzijska glavobolja i druge. U uzroke sekundarne glavobolje spadaju trauma glave i/ili vrata, vaskularni poremećaji, infekcije i drugi. Iako su u bolesnika s glavoboljom, kao hitnim neurološkim simptomom diferencijalne dijagnoze, poput subarahnoidalnog krvarenja i meningitisa životno ugrožavajuće, većina akutnih, novonastalih glavobolja u bolesnika, koji se javljaju u hitnu medicinsku službu, benigne je prirode. Glavni koraci dijagnostičkog postupka u bolesnika s glavoboljom, kao hitnim neurološkim simptomom, jesu detaljna i precizna anamneza te opsežan klinički pregled koji su u većine glavobolja dovoljni za postavljanje točne dijagnoze. Pitanja o trajanju i brzini nastanka glavobolje, intenzitetu i karakteru boli te propagaciji u okolna područja tijela ključna su kako bi se olakšao diferencijalno-dijagnostički postupak te odredila etiologija glavobolje. Najvažniji je dio kliničkog pregleda kompletan neurološki pregled na osnovu kojega se može odrediti radi li se o potencijalno životno ugrožavajućem ili benignom uzroku glavobolje. U slučaju da se tijekom postupka uzimanja anamneze i kliničkog pregleda otkriju simptomi i/ili znakovi koji ukazuju na neki od sekundarnih uzroka glavobolje, indiciraju se dodatne dijagnostičke pretrage. Neuroslikovna metoda, kompjutorizirana tomografija, osnovna je dijagnostička metoda koja je indicirana kod svih bolesnika s akutnom, novonastalom glavoboljom te abnormalnostima u anamnezi i kliničkom nalazu te je metoda zlatnog standarda u dijagnostici akutnih intrakranijskih krvarenja. Lumbalna punkcija indicirana je u svih bolesnika s negativnim nalazom kompjutorizirane tomografije u svrhu isključivanja subarahnoidalnog krvarenja. Terapija glavobolje, kao hitnog neurološkog simptoma, određuje se prema etiologiji glavobolje. Primarne glavobolje najčešće se liječe simptomatski, dok se sekundarne glavobolje liječe na osnovu podliježeće etiologije bolesti.Headache is a painful condition resulting from increased activation of nociceptors and the transmission of pain from intracranial and extracranial structures of the head and neck. The basic classification of headaches divides them into primary and secondary types. Primary headaches include migraine, tension-type headache and other types of primary headaches. Secondary headaches are caused by head and/or neck trauma, vascular disorders, infections, and other causes. Although differential diagnoses in patients with headache as an urgent neurological symptom may include life-threatening conditions such as subarachnoid hemorrhage and meningitis, most acute, new-onset headaches in patients presenting to emergency medical services are benign in nature. The diagnostic procedure for patients with headache as an urgent neurological symptom includes a detailed medical history and a comprehensive clinical examination. The medical history should include the duration and speed of onset of the headache, the intensity and character of the pain, and the propagation of pain to surrounding areas. The clinical examination should include a complete neurological examination, which is crucial in determining whether the cause of the headache is potentially life-threatening or benign. If symptoms and/or signs indicating one of the secondary causes of headaches are discovered during the history-taking and clinical examination, additional diagnostic tests are indicated. Neuroimaging, particularly computed tomography, is the primary diagnostic method indicated for all patients with acute, new-onset headache and abnormalities in history and clinical findings. It is the gold standard method for diagnosing acute intracranial hemorrhages. Lumbar puncture is indicated in all patients with a negative computed tomography scan result to exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. The treatment of headaches as an urgent neurological symptom is determined by the etiology of the headache. Primary headaches are most often treated symptomatically, while secondary headaches are treated based on the underlying disease etiology
Headache as an urgent neurological symptom
No full textGlavobolja je bolno stanje koje nastaje kao posljedica pojačane aktivacije nociceptora te je rezultat prijenosa boli iz intrakranijskih, ali i ekstrakranijskih struktura glave i vrata. Osnovna podjela glavobolja dijeli ih na primarne i sekundarne. U primarne uzroke glavobolja spadaju migrena, tenzijska glavobolja i druge. U uzroke sekundarne glavobolje spadaju trauma glave i/ili vrata, vaskularni poremećaji, infekcije i drugi. Iako su u bolesnika s glavoboljom, kao hitnim neurološkim simptomom diferencijalne dijagnoze, poput subarahnoidalnog krvarenja i meningitisa životno ugrožavajuće, većina akutnih, novonastalih glavobolja u bolesnika, koji se javljaju u hitnu medicinsku službu, benigne je prirode. Glavni koraci dijagnostičkog postupka u bolesnika s glavoboljom, kao hitnim neurološkim simptomom, jesu detaljna i precizna anamneza te opsežan klinički pregled koji su u većine glavobolja dovoljni za postavljanje točne dijagnoze. Pitanja o trajanju i brzini nastanka glavobolje, intenzitetu i karakteru boli te propagaciji u okolna područja tijela ključna su kako bi se olakšao diferencijalno-dijagnostički postupak te odredila etiologija glavobolje. Najvažniji je dio kliničkog pregleda kompletan neurološki pregled na osnovu kojega se može odrediti radi li se o potencijalno životno ugrožavajućem ili benignom uzroku glavobolje. U slučaju da se tijekom postupka uzimanja anamneze i kliničkog pregleda otkriju simptomi i/ili znakovi koji ukazuju na neki od sekundarnih uzroka glavobolje, indiciraju se dodatne dijagnostičke pretrage. Neuroslikovna metoda, kompjutorizirana tomografija, osnovna je dijagnostička metoda koja je indicirana kod svih bolesnika s akutnom, novonastalom glavoboljom te abnormalnostima u anamnezi i kliničkom nalazu te je metoda zlatnog standarda u dijagnostici akutnih intrakranijskih krvarenja. Lumbalna punkcija indicirana je u svih bolesnika s negativnim nalazom kompjutorizirane tomografije u svrhu isključivanja subarahnoidalnog krvarenja. Terapija glavobolje, kao hitnog neurološkog simptoma, određuje se prema etiologiji glavobolje. Primarne glavobolje najčešće se liječe simptomatski, dok se sekundarne glavobolje liječe na osnovu podliježeće etiologije bolesti.Headache is a painful condition resulting from increased activation of nociceptors and the transmission of pain from intracranial and extracranial structures of the head and neck. The basic classification of headaches divides them into primary and secondary types. Primary headaches include migraine, tension-type headache and other types of primary headaches. Secondary headaches are caused by head and/or neck trauma, vascular disorders, infections, and other causes. Although differential diagnoses in patients with headache as an urgent neurological symptom may include life-threatening conditions such as subarachnoid hemorrhage and meningitis, most acute, new-onset headaches in patients presenting to emergency medical services are benign in nature. The diagnostic procedure for patients with headache as an urgent neurological symptom includes a detailed medical history and a comprehensive clinical examination. The medical history should include the duration and speed of onset of the headache, the intensity and character of the pain, and the propagation of pain to surrounding areas. The clinical examination should include a complete neurological examination, which is crucial in determining whether the cause of the headache is potentially life-threatening or benign. If symptoms and/or signs indicating one of the secondary causes of headaches are discovered during the history-taking and clinical examination, additional diagnostic tests are indicated. Neuroimaging, particularly computed tomography, is the primary diagnostic method indicated for all patients with acute, new-onset headache and abnormalities in history and clinical findings. It is the gold standard method for diagnosing acute intracranial hemorrhages. Lumbar puncture is indicated in all patients with a negative computed tomography scan result to exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. The treatment of headaches as an urgent neurological symptom is determined by the etiology of the headache. Primary headaches are most often treated symptomatically, while secondary headaches are treated based on the underlying disease etiology
Headache as an urgent neurological symptom
No full textGlavobolja je bolno stanje koje nastaje kao posljedica pojačane aktivacije nociceptora te je rezultat prijenosa boli iz intrakranijskih, ali i ekstrakranijskih struktura glave i vrata. Osnovna podjela glavobolja dijeli ih na primarne i sekundarne. U primarne uzroke glavobolja spadaju migrena, tenzijska glavobolja i druge. U uzroke sekundarne glavobolje spadaju trauma glave i/ili vrata, vaskularni poremećaji, infekcije i drugi. Iako su u bolesnika s glavoboljom, kao hitnim neurološkim simptomom diferencijalne dijagnoze, poput subarahnoidalnog krvarenja i meningitisa životno ugrožavajuće, većina akutnih, novonastalih glavobolja u bolesnika, koji se javljaju u hitnu medicinsku službu, benigne je prirode. Glavni koraci dijagnostičkog postupka u bolesnika s glavoboljom, kao hitnim neurološkim simptomom, jesu detaljna i precizna anamneza te opsežan klinički pregled koji su u većine glavobolja dovoljni za postavljanje točne dijagnoze. Pitanja o trajanju i brzini nastanka glavobolje, intenzitetu i karakteru boli te propagaciji u okolna područja tijela ključna su kako bi se olakšao diferencijalno-dijagnostički postupak te odredila etiologija glavobolje. Najvažniji je dio kliničkog pregleda kompletan neurološki pregled na osnovu kojega se može odrediti radi li se o potencijalno životno ugrožavajućem ili benignom uzroku glavobolje. U slučaju da se tijekom postupka uzimanja anamneze i kliničkog pregleda otkriju simptomi i/ili znakovi koji ukazuju na neki od sekundarnih uzroka glavobolje, indiciraju se dodatne dijagnostičke pretrage. Neuroslikovna metoda, kompjutorizirana tomografija, osnovna je dijagnostička metoda koja je indicirana kod svih bolesnika s akutnom, novonastalom glavoboljom te abnormalnostima u anamnezi i kliničkom nalazu te je metoda zlatnog standarda u dijagnostici akutnih intrakranijskih krvarenja. Lumbalna punkcija indicirana je u svih bolesnika s negativnim nalazom kompjutorizirane tomografije u svrhu isključivanja subarahnoidalnog krvarenja. Terapija glavobolje, kao hitnog neurološkog simptoma, određuje se prema etiologiji glavobolje. Primarne glavobolje najčešće se liječe simptomatski, dok se sekundarne glavobolje liječe na osnovu podliježeće etiologije bolesti.Headache is a painful condition resulting from increased activation of nociceptors and the transmission of pain from intracranial and extracranial structures of the head and neck. The basic classification of headaches divides them into primary and secondary types. Primary headaches include migraine, tension-type headache and other types of primary headaches. Secondary headaches are caused by head and/or neck trauma, vascular disorders, infections, and other causes. Although differential diagnoses in patients with headache as an urgent neurological symptom may include life-threatening conditions such as subarachnoid hemorrhage and meningitis, most acute, new-onset headaches in patients presenting to emergency medical services are benign in nature. The diagnostic procedure for patients with headache as an urgent neurological symptom includes a detailed medical history and a comprehensive clinical examination. The medical history should include the duration and speed of onset of the headache, the intensity and character of the pain, and the propagation of pain to surrounding areas. The clinical examination should include a complete neurological examination, which is crucial in determining whether the cause of the headache is potentially life-threatening or benign. If symptoms and/or signs indicating one of the secondary causes of headaches are discovered during the history-taking and clinical examination, additional diagnostic tests are indicated. Neuroimaging, particularly computed tomography, is the primary diagnostic method indicated for all patients with acute, new-onset headache and abnormalities in history and clinical findings. It is the gold standard method for diagnosing acute intracranial hemorrhages. Lumbar puncture is indicated in all patients with a negative computed tomography scan result to exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. The treatment of headaches as an urgent neurological symptom is determined by the etiology of the headache. Primary headaches are most often treated symptomatically, while secondary headaches are treated based on the underlying disease etiology
Problems of accessibility of suburban settlements: a case study
No full textMobilnost stanovnika i dostupnost prigradskih naselja na području zagrebačke
aglomeracije itekako je važna zbog svakodnevnih migracija prema matičnom gradu. Ubrzana
suburbanizacija zagrebačkog prstena dovela je do brojnih problema s kojima se susreću
stanovnici Sesveta i Sesvetskog prigorja. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti kvalitetu dostupnosti
prigradskih naselja na primjeru Sesveta koje su najistočnija i najveća gradska četvrt. Kako bi
se što bolje obradila tema istražen je povijesni razvoj Sesveta, demografska, prirodnogeografska
i prometno-geografska obilježja. Korištena je metoda intervjua s lokalnim
stanovništvom, a proveden je i razgovor s vijećnikom Vijeća Gradske četvrti. Sesvete su jedno
od rijetkih naselja koja bilježe pozitivne demografske trendove unatoč depopulaciji koja je
teško pogodila cijelu Hrvatsku. Demografska dinamika u međusobnoj je vezi s dostupnosti,
daljnji rast broja stanovnika za posljedicu će imati još opterećeniji sustav što bi dodatno otežalo
mobilnost stanovnika Sesveta. Metodologija ovog rada sastoji se od analize stručne i
znanstvene literature, analize statističkih podataka i kvalitativne metode intervjuiranja.The mobility of residents and the availability of suburban settlements in the area
of the Zagreb agglomeration is important due to daily migrations towards the central city. The
accelerated suburbanization of the Zagreb ring has led to numerous problems faced by the
inhabitants of Sesvete and Sesvetsko Prigorje. The aim of this paper is to investigate the quality
of accessibility of suburban settlements using the example of Sesvete, which is the easternmost
and largest city district. In order to deal with the topic as well as possible, the historical
development of Sesvete, its demographic, natural-geographical and transport geography
features were researched. The interview with inhabitants was the base of the research and an
interview was conducted with the councilor of the City Quarter Council. Sesvete is one of the
few settlements that records positive demographic trends despite the depopulation that Croatia
as a whole is experiencing. Demographic dynamics are interconnected with availability and
further population growth will result in an even more burdened system, which would further
complicate the mobility of the inhabitants of Sesvete. The methodology of this paper consists
of the analysis of professional and scientific literature and statistical data and the qualitative
method of interviewing
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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