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Urban tourism in the city of Split
No full textOvaj rad istražuje obilježja urbanog turizma na području grada Splita. Cilj istraživanja bio je analiza motivacije, obilježja, aktivnosti i zadovoljstva turista posjetom Splitu, te izdvajanje tipova turista koji posjećuju Split s obzirom na ponašanje i preferencije. Podaci su prikupljeni metodom ankete među turistima koji su posjetili Split kroz čitavu godinu. Rezultati pokazuju kako su kulturna baština i znamenitosti najvažniji motivacijski čimbenik među ispitanicima. Ispitanici u velikom broju sudjeluju u aktivnostima vezanima za kulturnu baštinu, te su vrlo zadovoljni ponudom. Ističe se i motivacija sudjelovanjem u ljetnom kupališnom turizmu, što je i razlog izražene sezonalnosti. Ipak, suprotno tradicionalnim destinacijama kupališnog turizma, nešto kompleksnija ponuda grada Splita uzrok je tome da ispitanici tijekom boravka sudjeluju u različitim aktivnostima. Izazovi sezonskog pritiska ogledaju se u turističkom iskustvu, što potvrđuju najniže ocjene zadovoljstva boravkom tijekom ljeta. Stoga je nužno pažljivo usmjeravati razvoj turizma u Splitu kako bi se ublažio sezonski pritisak, očuvao identitet mediteranskog grada te osigurala dugoročna održivost destinacije.This paper explores urban tourism in the city of Split. The research aimed to analyze the motivation, characteristics, activities, and satisfaction of tourists visiting Split, and identify the types of tourists based on their behavior and preferences. A survey was conducted among tourists who visited Split throughout the year. The results indicate that cultural heritage and landmarks are the most important motivational factors - many respondents participated in related activities and express high satisfaction. Additionally, there is a strong motivation to participate in beach summer tourism, which contributes to the pronounced seasonality of tourist arrivals. Unlike traditional beach tourism destinations, the complex offer of the city of Split encourages the respondents to participate in various activities. The challenges of seasonal pressure are reflected in the tourist experience, as evidenced by the lowest satisfaction ratings during the summer. Therefore, it is crucial to direct the development of tourism in Split to mitigate seasonal pressure and ensure the long-term sustainability of the destination
Molecular characterization of ribosomal group 16SrV phytoplasma isolates from north-western Croatia
No full textFitoplazme su biljne patogene bakterije bez stanične stijenke koje pripadaju rodu 'Candidatus Phytoplasma'. Nastanjuju floem biljaka i prenose se kukcima-vektorima koji su ujedno i njihovi domaćini. Fitoplazme predstavljaju veliku opasnost u poljoprivredi uništavanjem usjeva raznih poljoprivrednih kultura, a u Europi su poznate po uništavanju usjeva vinovih loza uzrokujući bolesti žutica vinove loze (eng. grapevine yellows; GY). S tom bolesti povezane su fitoplazme flavescence dorée (FDp; ribosomska skupina 16SrV) te bois noir (ribosomska podskupina 16SrXII-A; 'Ca. P. solani'). Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je bila molekularna karakterizacija izolata FDp dobivenih iz uzoraka vinove loze, crne johe i kupine prikupljenima na sjeverozapadnom području Hrvatske. Nakon potvrde prisustva fitoplazmi u izolatima triplex real‐time PCR‐om, napravljena je filogenetska analiza gena map i vmpA umnoženih PCR-om. Utvrđena je velika genetska varijabilnost oba gena, a otkriveno je potencijalnih šest novih genotipova FDp te je po prvi put napravljena molekularna karakterizacija fitoplazmatskih izolata iz kupine i crne johe u Hrvatskoj. Također, velik broj pozitivnih izolata iz crne johe pokazuje značajan potencijal širenja zaraze ovom fitoplazmom. Dobiveni rezultati omogućuju bolji uvid u epidemiologiju FDp na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske.Phytoplasmas are plant-pathogenic bacteria lacking cell wall that belong to the genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’. They inhabit the phloem of plants and are transmitted by insect vectors that are also their natural hosts. They pose a significant threat to agriculture by destroying crops from various cultures and are known in Europe for affecting grapevine crops by causing grapevine yellows (GY) disease. This disease is associated with flavescence dorée phytoplasmas (FDp; 16SrV ribosomal group) and bois noir phytoplasmas (16SrXII-A ribosomal subgroup; ‘Ca. P solani’). This study was focused on the molecular characterization of FDp isolates obtained from samples of grapevines, black alders and blackberries collected in north-western Croatia. After confirming the presence of phytoplasmas in isolates by using triplex real‐time PCR, a phylogenetic analysis of the map and vmpA genes amplified by PCR was performed. Significant genetic variability of both genes was determined, and six potential new FDp genotiypes were discovered, along with the first molecular characterization of phytoplasma isolates from blackberries and black alders in Croatia. Moreover, numerous positive isolates from black alders indicate a significant potential for the infection spread of this phytoplasma. The obtained results provide better insight into the epidemiology of FDp in the north‐western part of Croatia
Validation of new target genes of transcription factor GLI3 in human head and neck tumor cell lines
No full textTumori glave i vrata (HNSCC) su je šesti najčešći dijagnosticirani tumor u svijetu. Pacijenti dijagnosticirani s HSNCC imaju lošiju prognozu i limitirane opcije tretmana. Terapije koje ciljaju specifične mete u tim tumorima su još uvijek u razvoju, zato je nužno provesti istraživanja koja su usmjerena na bolje razumijevanje biologije HNSCC, kao i identifikaciju novih biomarkera koji će omogućiti ranije otkrivanje bolesti, ali i predstavljati nove mete za ciljane terapije. Mnoga istraživanja potvrđuju da je signalni put Hedgehog-GLI (HH-GLI) jedan od glavnih čimbenika nužnih za razvoj i održavanje HNSCC. Signalni put HH-GLI je inače uključen u procese embriogeneze, održavanja populacije matičnih stanica i regeneracije tkiva. Abnormalna aktivacija signalnog puta HH-GLI je povezna s nastanokm i razvojem brojnih tumora. Glavni akteri signalnog puta HH-GLI, transkripcijski faktori GLI1, GLI2 i GLI3 potiču prekomjernu ekspresiju proonokogenih gena od kojih je velik broj neidentificiran. Identifikacija i validacija ciljnih gena će omogućiti bolje razumijevanje biologije HNSCC. U tu svrhu sam provela dva nezavisna eksperimenta na dvije stanične linije HNSCC. Stanice su u jednom eksperimentu bile tretirane s inhibitorima signalnog puta HH-GLI, a u drugom s plazmidnim vektorima koji kodiraju GLI3 konstrukte. Analizom rezultata kvantitativnog real-time PCR-a potvrđeno je 6 gena koji su regulirani transkripcijskim faktorom GLI3, što ih čini atraktivnim metama za nove terapijske pristupe.Tumors of the head and neck (HNSCC) are the sixth most diagnosed tumors in the world. Patients diagnosed with HNSCC have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Therapies targeting specific targets within the tumor are still in development, which is why it is necessary to conduct research focused on a better understanding of the biology of HNSCC, as well as the identification of new biomarkers for early disease prediction and as new targets for targeted therapies. Many studies confirm that the Hedgehog-GLI (HH-GLI) signaling pathway is one of the main factors necessary for the development and maintenance of HNSCC. The HH-GLI signaling pathway is otherwise involved in embryogenesis, maintenance of stem cell, and tissue regeneration. Abnormal activation of the HH-GLI signaling pathway is associated with the tumorigenesis of numerous tumors. This is enabled via transcription factors GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 who promote the overexpression of pro-oncogenic genes, many of which remain unidentified. The identification and validation of these genes will enable a better understanding of the biology of HNSCC. For this purpose, I conducted two independent experiments on two HNSCC cell lines. In one experiment, cells were treated with HH-GLI signaling pathway inhibitors, and in the other, they were transfected with plasmid vectors encoding GLI3 constructs. Analysis of the quantitative real-time PCR results confirmed the regulation of 6 genes by the transcription factor GLI3, making them prime targets for new therapeutic approaches
Eocene Weathering Oscillations Inprinted in Marl Mineral and Geohemical Record (Dinaric Foreland Basin, Croatia)
No full textDuring Middle to Late Eocene hemipelagic/pelagic sediments were deposited in Dinaric foreland basin along the eastern Adriatic coast (northern margin of Neotethys, Croatia). Syn-sedimentary tectonic movements, paleogeographic position and exchanges of short-lived hyperthermal episodes affected the sedimentation and related mineral and geochemical record of these deposits. Mineral (clay) assemblage carries signature of prevailing physical weathering with significant illite and chlorite content, but climatic seasonality is suggested by smectite-interlayered phases and sporadical increase of kaolinite content. Illite crystallinity varies significantly, and the lowest crystallinity is recorded for the Lutetian samples. Illite chemistry index is always bellow 0.5 being characteristic for Fe-Mg-rich illite. The geochemical records are the most prominent (CIA up to 76, CIW up to 91) for the Istrian Lutetian (42.3-40.5 Ma), but also for Priabonian (35.8-34.3 Ma) samples of Hvar Island. The ICV values (the lowest 1.40 and the highest 10.85) of all studied samples fall above PAAS (ICV = 0.85) and point to their chemical immaturity. The Ga/Rb ratios are lower than 0.2 and K2O/Al2O3 ratios are also low (0.16–0.22), implying transition between cold and dry, and warm and humid climate, obviously trending among several warming episodes
Degradation study of lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic ramoplanin by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
No full textU borbi protiv bakterijske rezistencije, ciklički lipoglikodepsipeptid ramoplanin pojavio se kao novi obećavajući antibiotski lijek. U ovom radu je razvijena, validirana i upotrjebljena metoda tekućinske kromatografije za praćenje stabilnosti ramoplanina, u čvrstom stanju i u otopini. Studija forsirane razgradnje provedena je podvrgavanjem uzorka različitim stresnim uvjetima (kisela i bazična hidroliza, oksidacija, vlaga, temperatura i svjetlo) te su opaženi razgradni produkti razjašnjeni spektrometrijom masa. Istraživanje je otkrilo kako je hidroliza laktonskog prstena najvažniji degradacijski put molekule. Međutim, opaženi su i drugi značajni putevi degradacije. Nadalje, ramoplanin je formuliran u vodenim otopinama koristeći nekoliko različitih pomoćnih tvari te je provedena stabilitetna studija pri 25 °C/60 % RV i 40 °C/75 % RV. Među ispitanim pomoćnim tvarima, polisorbat 20, Kolliphor® RH 40 i kolin klorid pokazali su važan stabilizacijski učinak na degradaciju ramoplanina.In the fight against antimicrobial resistance, a cyclic lipoglycodepsipeptide ramoplanin emerged as a new promising antibacterial regimen. In the present work, an LC method was developed, validated and used during stability testing of ramoplanin, in solid state and in solution. Forced degradation study was performed by subjecting the sample to different stress conditions (acid and base hydrolysis, oxidation, humidity, heat and light) and the observed degradation products were elucidated using mass spectrometry. The study revealed that the most significant degradation path of the molecule is hydrolysis of its lactone ring. However, other significant degradation routs were also observed. Furthermore, ramoplanin was formulated in aqueous solutions using several different excipients and a stability study was conducted at 25 °C/60 % RH and 40 °C/75 % RH. Among the tested excipients, polysorbate 20, Kolliphor® RH 40 and choline chloride were found to have an important stabilizing effect on the degradation of ramoplanin
Effect of exposure to α-cypermethrin on markes of oxidative stress in pregnant female rats
No full textPiretroidi su skupina insekticida koja ima široku primjenu u agronomiji, veterini i kućanstvu. Utvrđeno je kako piretroidi mogu djelovati kao hormonski otrovi, a posredni mehanizam između izloženosti hormonskim otrovima i njihovim učincima na ljudsko zdravlje može biti oksidacijski stres, karakteriziran poremećajem ravnoteže prooksidansa i antioksidansa. Najpoznatiji sintetski piretorid je α-cipermetrin koji se zbog svoje lipofilne prirode nakuplja u masnom tkivu, jetri i mozgu te može ući u posteljicu. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti utjecaj izloženosti α-cipermetrinu na indukciju oksidacijskog stresa mjerenjem određenih markera u tkivima ženki štakora izloženih navedenom pesticidu u dozama 1, 10 i 19 mg kg−1 dan−1 za vrijeme gestacije. U krvi, mozgu i posteljicama ženki štakora određivani su koncentracija malondialdehida tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti, a količina reaktivnih kisikovih spojeva i reduciranog glutationa te katalitička aktivnost enzima katalaze, superoksid dismutaze i glutation peroksidaze spektrofotometrijski. Poremećaj oksidacijsko- antioksidacijske ravnoteže uočen je u svim analiziranim tkivima i to ponajviše nakon izloženosti α-cipermetrinu u dozi od 1 mg kg-1. Indukcija oksidacijskog stresa u mozgu gravidnih štakorica ukazuje na moguća fiziološka oštećenja majke, a u posteljici da postoji mogućnost i za poremećaj funkcije endokrinog sustava.Pyrethroids are a group of insecticides that are widely used in agronomy, veterinary medicine and household. It has been recognized that pyrethroids can act as endocrine disruptors, and the intermediate mechanism of exposure and effect on human health can be oxidative stress, characterized by a disturbance in the balance of prooxidants and antioxidants. The well known synthetic pyrethroid is α-cypermethrin, which due to its lipophilic nature accumulates in fatty tissue, liver and brain, but there is also the possibility of its passage through the placenta. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of exposure to α-cypermethrin on the induction of oxidative stress by measuring respective markers in the tissues of female rats exposed to the pesticide in doses of 1, 10 and 19 mg kg-1 day-1 during gestation. We analyzed the concentration of malondialdehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the amount of reactive oxygen species, reduced glutathione, and the catalytic activity of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase by spectrophotometry in the blood, brain and placentas of female rats. Disturbance of the oxidation-antioxidant balance was observed in all analyzed tissues, mostly after exposure to α-cypermethrin at a dose of 1 mg kg-1. The induction of oxidative stress in the brain of pregnant rats indicates possible physiological damage to the mother, and in the placenta, potential for disruption of the function of the endocrine system
Distribution and taxonomic position of the Dinarian Grasshopper, Rammeihippus dinaricus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
No full textMali dinarski skakavac, Rammeihippus dinaricus (Götz, 1970), vrsta je koja nastanjuje tek nekolicinu dinarskih planina. Dosadašnja istraživanja bila su usredotočena na rasprostranjenost vrste i na njezinu visinsku raspodjelu pa je do danas ostalo neutvrđeno kojem tribusu ovaj rod i vrsta pripadaju. Sestrinska vrsta Rammeihippus turcicus (Ramme, 1939), nastanjuje pontsku regiju Turske. Ove dvije vrste do sada nisu bile detaljno uspoređene ni međusobno ni s ostalim vrstama europskih skakavaca, a tek je nedavno utvrđeno da rod pripada potporodici Gomphocerinae. Ciljevi ovog rada bili su sistematizirati postojeće podatke o rasprostranjenosti i izraditi model sadašnje i buduće rasprostranjenosti malog dinarskog skakavca te odrediti ključne parametre koji uvjetuju njegovu distribuciju. Daljnji je cilj bio morfološki i bioakustički usporediti ovu vrstu s drugom vrstom roda Rammeihippus Woznessenskij, 1996 i s pripadnicima tribusa Gomphocerini i Stenobothrini. Mali dinarski skakavac nastanjuje Kamešnicu, Dinaru, Troglav, Velebit, Svilaju, Čvrsnicu i Vran Planinu, a model je ukazao da rasprostranjenost ne bi trebala biti značajno veća od trenutno poznate te da vjerojatno uključuje još nekoliko planina kao što su Biokovo, Mosor i sjeverniji dijelovi Velebita. Model je pokazao kako su za rasprostranjenost vrste R. dinaricus najvažniji parametri nadmorska visina (1000-2000m) i padaline u studenom. Morfološka obilježja vrste R. dinaricus ukazuju da se radi o vrsti iz tribusa Stenobothrini, sličnijoj rodovima Omocestus, Stenobothrus i Myrmeleotettix, nego vrsti R. turcicus. Slične rezultate dala je i analiza pjesme gdje je utvrđeno da pjesma zova vrste R. dinaricus jako nalikuje pjesmi nekih iberskih vrsta roda Omocestus. Zaključno, rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da vrste R. dinaricus i R. turcicus pripadaju tribusu Stenobothrini, ali je upitno pripadaju li obje vrste istomu rodu.Dinarian grasshopper, Rammeihippus dinaricus (Götz, 1970), is a species that inhabits several mountains in the Dinaric Alps. Most of the research regarding this species thus far focused on its distribution, both geographic and altitudinal. The taxonomic position of the genus and its species is uncertain. The sister species to R. dinaricus, Rammeihippus turcicus (Ramme, 1939), inhabits the Pontic region of Turkey. These two species have not been compared to each other in detail nor to other European grasshopper species, and only recently has this genus been placed in the subfamily Gomphocerinae. The main goals of this research were to systemically organize all available data regarding the species' distribution and to construct a model of its current and future distribution; in addition, the goal was to both morphologically and bioacoustically compare this species of the genus Rammeihippus Woznessenskij, 1996, and to the members of tribes Gomphocerini and Stenobothrini. The Dinaric Grasshopper inhabits mountains Kamešnica, Dinara, Troglav, Velebit, Svilaja, Čvrsnica and Vran Planina, and the model showed that the expected range is not much bigger than what is already known, but still, probably includes a few more mountains in the region, such as Biokovo, Mosor and northern Velebit. The model also showed that elevation and precipitation in November are the key factors in determining this species' distribution. Morphological characteristics of R. dinaricus indicate that this species belongs to the tribe Stenobothrini, strongly resembling genera Omocestus, Stenobothrus and Myrmeleotettix, more than it resembles its sister species R. turcicus. Bioacoustic analysis showed similar results, with the calling song of R. dinaricus showing the most similarity to Iberian species of the genus Omocestus. In conclusion, the results of this research point toward the fact that both R. dinaricus and R. turcicus belong in the tribe Stenobothrini, but it is not certain whether both species belong in the same genus
Analysis of one-year beach profile changes in Omiš and Duće area
No full textPlaže u području grada Omiša i naselja Duće jedne su od rijetkih pješčanih plaža na istočnoj obali Jadranskog mora, a porijeklo sedimenta plaža je u najvećoj mjeri pijesak taložen na ušću rijeke Cetine. Tijekom 20. stoljeća, urbanizacija grada Omiša i Duća, te izgradnja hidroelektrana na rijeci Cetini značajno su smanjile budžet sedimenta dostupnog za prirodnu nadohranu plaža. S obzirom na rijetkost pojave plaža na istočnoj obali Jadranskog mora i važnost njihovog očuvanja, cilj ovog diplomskog rada je analiza jednogodišnjih promjena profila pješčanih plaža na tom području. Tijekom 2023. godine provedena su mjerenja profila plaža na pet odabranih lokacija kako bi se utvrdile morfološke promjene. Te promjene povezane su s osnovnim fizičkim karakteristikama sedimenta te s prikupljenim vjetrovnim i izračunatim valnim prilikama u periodu praćenja. Analizom svih prikupljenih podataka pokušao se procijeniti maksimalni odobalni doseg kretanja sedimenta (depth of closure), a time i stabilnost plaža, te prikladnost jednogodišnjeg vremenskog okvira praćenja varijacija profila na potrebe upravljanja plažama.The beaches in the area of the city of Omiš and the settlement of Duće are some of the rare sandy beaches on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, and the origin of the beach sediment is mostly sand deposited at the mouth of the Cetina River. During the 20th century, the urbanization of the city of Omiš and Duće, and the construction of hydroelectric power plants on the Cetina River significantly reduced the sediment budget available for natural beach replenishment. Given the rarity of beaches on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and the importance of their preservation, the aim of this thesis is to analyze one-year changes in the profile of sandy beaches in that area. During 2023, beach profile measurements were carried out at five selected locations to determine morphological changes. These changes are related to the basic physical characteristics of the sediment and to the collected wind and calculated wave conditions during the monitoring period. By analyzing all collected data, an attempt was made to estimate the maximum offshore reach of sediment movement (depth of closure), and thus the stability of the beaches, and the suitability of the one-year time frame for monitoring profile variations for the needs of beach management
Expression of autophagy markers HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 and mTOR in St8sia1 knockout mice
No full textGen St8sia1 kodira enzim GD3-sintazu koja katalizira nastajanje GD3, disijalogangliozida b-serije, dodatkom sijalinske kiseline na GM3, monogangliozid a-serije. GD3 sudjeluje u različitim stadijima procesa autofagije. Kolokalizira s PIP3 i BECN1 tijekom formiranja fagofora, ulazi u interakciju s LC3B u membrani autofagosoma te s LAMP1 tijekom nastajanja autolizosoma. Kod miševa bez GD3-sintaze dolazi do akumulacije gangliozida a-serije i nedostatka gangliozida b- i c-serije. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi je li ekspresija HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 i mTOR, proteina koji sudjeluju u procesu autofagije, promijenjena kod miševa kojima nedostaje gen St8sia1. Prerezi uški devet miševa bez gena St8sia1 i pet miševa divljeg tipa korišteni su za detekciju proteina HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 i mTOR imunofluorescencijskim bojenjem. Izdvojeni su dijelovi preparata koji prikazuju epidermu te je na njima analizirana ekspresija proteina od interesa. Kod miševa bez gen St8sia1 uočena je značajno povišena ekspresija proteina HSC70, GRP78 i mTOR te smanjena ekspresija proteina LC3B. Ekspresija LAMP2A nije bila promijenjena. Ovakvi rezultati ukazuju na to da nedostatak GD3-sintaze dovodi do promjena u ekspresiji pojedinih proteina povezanih s autofagijom, najvjerojatnije zbog nedostatka gangliozida GD3 i promjene ukupnog sastava gangliozida.GD3 synthase, enzyme that catalyses formation of GD3, disialoganglioside of b-series, by adding sialic acid resiude on GM3, monosialoganglioside of a-series, is encoded by St8sia1 gene. GD3 is involved in several stages of autophagy process. It colocalizes with PIP3-BECN1 complex during the phagophore formation, interacts with LC3B in autophagosome membrane and with LAMP1 during the autolyzosome fomation. Lack of GD3 synthase leads to accumulation of a-series gangliosides and a deficiency of b- and c-series gangliosides. The aim of this theses was to investigate the effect of St8sia1 silencing on the expression of proteins HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 and mTOR which are involved in autophagy. Histological sections of ear of nine St8sia1 knockout mice and five wild-type mice were used for detection of proteins HSC70, LC3B, LAMP2A, GRP78 and mTOR by immunofluorescence staining. The epidermis parts were separated and analyzed in order to quantify the expression of the proteins of interest. Increase in the expression of proteins HSC70, GRP78 and mTOR was observed in St8sia1 knockout mice, while the expression of protein LC3B was reduced. The expression of LAMP2A was not significantly different. The results of this study suggest that deficiency of GD3 synthase leads to changes in the expression of autophagy related proteins, which is probably related to GD3 deficiency and alterations of ganglioside composition