1,721,104 research outputs found
The linguistic (pre-)history of Northern Asia
No full textInternational audienceThis talk aims to provide an overview of the prehistoric and historical events that have shaped the languages of Northern Asia. This region is home to eight language families and one isolate (Pakendorf 2020: 670), which are sometimes grouped into two broad categories, the typologically relatively homogenous “Ural-Altaic” languages and the heterogenous group of “Paleosiberian” languages. This latter term is applied to the languages spoken by peoples who are assumed to be the descendants of the original inhabitants of the region, thus representing remnants of the richer linguistic diversity that would have been found in the past (Comrie 1981: 238-239). However, population expansions from the south replaced the earlier inhabitants of Northern Asia during the Holocene (Pugach et al. 2016, Kılınç et al. 2021), and only the speakers of Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages show genetic affinities to the Mesolithic population that resettled Northern Asia after the Last Glacial Maximum (Sikora et al. 2019, Kılınç et al. 2021). Population expansions and migrations not only brought peoples and languages into Northern Asia, but also carried them from Northern Asia to Europe, as in the case of the Uralic languages (Tambets et al. 2018, Grünthal et al. 2022).The region is characterized by extremely harsh climatic conditions, with low temperatures and levels of sunlight and concomitant low primary productivity (Churkina & Running 1998). These severely limit food production, and most of the indigenous peoples of North Asia were nomadic hunters and fishers or reindeer herders, whose small, fragmented communities were dispersed over vast territories. Nevertheless, in spite of the low population density, several cases of contact-induced change have been documented, leading Anderson (2006) to propose Siberia as a linguistic area. Particularly striking are the restructured system of sibling terms in the Turkic language Dolgan following the Tungusic pattern found in Evenki (Stapert 2013: 136-144), and the verbal paradigms that were copied from the Turkic language Sakha into the Lamunkhin dialect of Even, a sister language of Evenki (Pakendorf 2009, 2019).Such structural changes are indicative of long-term bilingualism, and situations of small-scale multilingualism are indeed historically known from the Taimyr Peninsula in the Far North (Khanina & Meyerhof 2018, Khanina 2021), the Lower Kolyma region (Vaxtin 2001: 142-146, Pupynina & Aralova 2021), Chukotka (de Reuse 1994: 306), and the Lower Amur area (Zgusta 2015, Starcev 2014). Close interactions between the indigenous peoples of Northern Asia are also reflected in molecular anthropological studies, which show high levels of admixture in general, and close affinities between Nivkh and the Tungusic-speaking groups of the Lower Amur in particular (Pugach et al. 2016, Jeong et al. 2019). It is thus clear from both linguistic and genetic investigations that language contact will have played an important role in shaping the languages of North Asia.References:Anderson, G.D.S. 2006. Towards a Typology of the Siberian Linguistic Area. In Y. Matras, A. McMahon& N. Vincent (eds.), Linguistic Areas. Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective.,266–300. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Churkina, Galina & Steven W. Running. 1998. Contrasting Climatic Controls on the EstimatedProductivity of Global Terrestrial Biomes. Ecosystems 1(2). 206–215.Comrie, B. 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Grünthal, Riho et al. 2022. Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread. Diachronica. JohnBenjamins 39(4). 490–524.Jeong, Choongwon, et al. 2019. The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia. Nature Ecology& Evolution. Nature Publishing Group 3(6). 966–976.Khanina, Olesya. 2021. Languages and ideologies at the Lower Yenisei (Siberia): Reconstructing pastmultilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism 25(4). 1059– 1080.Khanina, Olesya & Miriam Meyerhoff. 2018. A case-study in historical sociolinguistics beyond Europe:reconstructing patterns of multilingualism of a language community in Siberia. Journal ofHistorical Sociolinguistics 4(2). 221–251.Kılınç, Gülşah Merve, et al. 2021. Human population dynamics and Yersinia pestis in ancientnortheast Asia. Science Advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science 7(2).eabc4587.Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2009. Intensive Contact and the Copying of Paradigms: An Ėven Dialect inContact with Sakha (Yakut). Journal of Language Contact Varia 2. 85–110.Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2019. Direct copying of inflectional paradigms: Evidence from Lamunkhin Even.Language 95(3). e364–e380.Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2020. Contact and Siberian languages. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), The Handbook ofLanguage Contact, 2nd edition, 669–688. Malden, Mass. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Pugach, Irina, et al. 2016. The Complex Admixture History and Recent Southern Origins of SiberianPopulations. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33(7). 1777–1795.Pupynina, Maria & Natalia Aralova. 2021. Lower Kolyma multilingualism: Historical setting andsociolinguistic trends. International Journal of Bilingualism 25(4). 1081– 1101.Reuse, W.J. de. 1994. Siberian Yupik Eskimo: The Language and Its Contacts with Chukchi. (Ed.) W.R.Miller. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Sikora, Martin, et al. 2019. The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.Nature 570(7760). 182–188.Stapert, Eugénie. 2013. Contact-induced change in Dolgan: An investigation into the role of linguisticdata for the reconstruction of a people’s (pre)history (LOT Dissertation Series 336). Utrecht:LOT.Starcev, Anatolij Fedorovič. 2014. Problema etnogeneza i etničeskoj istorii negidal’cev [Problems ofthe ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Negidals]. In Anatolij Fedorovič Starcev, DmitrijViktorovič Jančev & V.L. Larin (eds.), Istorija i kul’tura negidal’cev: istoriko-etnografičeskieočerki [The history and culture of the Negidals: Historical and ethnographic sketches], 22–41.Vladivostok: Dal’nauka.Tambets, Kristiina, et al. 2018. Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for mostof the Uralic-speaking populations. Genome Biology 19(1). 139.Vaxtin, N.B. 2001. Jazyki narodov severa v XX veke. Očerki jazykovogo sdviga. [The languages of thepeoples of the north in the 20th century. Sketches of language shift.]. St Petersburg:Evropejskij Universitet v Sankt-Peterburge.Zgusta, Richard. 2015. The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time. Precolonial Ethnic and CulturalProcesses along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait. Leiden, Boston: Brill
The linguistic (pre-)history of Northern Asia
No full textInternational audienceThis talk aims to provide an overview of the prehistoric and historical events that have shaped the languages of Northern Asia. This region is home to eight language families and one isolate (Pakendorf 2020: 670), which are sometimes grouped into two broad categories, the typologically relatively homogenous “Ural-Altaic” languages and the heterogenous group of “Paleosiberian” languages. This latter term is applied to the languages spoken by peoples who are assumed to be the descendants of the original inhabitants of the region, thus representing remnants of the richer linguistic diversity that would have been found in the past (Comrie 1981: 238-239). However, population expansions from the south replaced the earlier inhabitants of Northern Asia during the Holocene (Pugach et al. 2016, Kılınç et al. 2021), and only the speakers of Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages show genetic affinities to the Mesolithic population that resettled Northern Asia after the Last Glacial Maximum (Sikora et al. 2019, Kılınç et al. 2021). Population expansions and migrations not only brought peoples and languages into Northern Asia, but also carried them from Northern Asia to Europe, as in the case of the Uralic languages (Tambets et al. 2018, Grünthal et al. 2022).The region is characterized by extremely harsh climatic conditions, with low temperatures and levels of sunlight and concomitant low primary productivity (Churkina & Running 1998). These severely limit food production, and most of the indigenous peoples of North Asia were nomadic hunters and fishers or reindeer herders, whose small, fragmented communities were dispersed over vast territories. Nevertheless, in spite of the low population density, several cases of contact-induced change have been documented, leading Anderson (2006) to propose Siberia as a linguistic area. Particularly striking are the restructured system of sibling terms in the Turkic language Dolgan following the Tungusic pattern found in Evenki (Stapert 2013: 136-144), and the verbal paradigms that were copied from the Turkic language Sakha into the Lamunkhin dialect of Even, a sister language of Evenki (Pakendorf 2009, 2019).Such structural changes are indicative of long-term bilingualism, and situations of small-scale multilingualism are indeed historically known from the Taimyr Peninsula in the Far North (Khanina & Meyerhof 2018, Khanina 2021), the Lower Kolyma region (Vaxtin 2001: 142-146, Pupynina & Aralova 2021), Chukotka (de Reuse 1994: 306), and the Lower Amur area (Zgusta 2015, Starcev 2014). Close interactions between the indigenous peoples of Northern Asia are also reflected in molecular anthropological studies, which show high levels of admixture in general, and close affinities between Nivkh and the Tungusic-speaking groups of the Lower Amur in particular (Pugach et al. 2016, Jeong et al. 2019). It is thus clear from both linguistic and genetic investigations that language contact will have played an important role in shaping the languages of North Asia.References:Anderson, G.D.S. 2006. Towards a Typology of the Siberian Linguistic Area. In Y. Matras, A. McMahon& N. Vincent (eds.), Linguistic Areas. Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective.,266–300. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Churkina, Galina & Steven W. Running. 1998. Contrasting Climatic Controls on the EstimatedProductivity of Global Terrestrial Biomes. Ecosystems 1(2). 206–215.Comrie, B. 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Grünthal, Riho et al. 2022. Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread. Diachronica. JohnBenjamins 39(4). 490–524.Jeong, Choongwon, et al. 2019. The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia. Nature Ecology& Evolution. Nature Publishing Group 3(6). 966–976.Khanina, Olesya. 2021. Languages and ideologies at the Lower Yenisei (Siberia): Reconstructing pastmultilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism 25(4). 1059– 1080.Khanina, Olesya & Miriam Meyerhoff. 2018. A case-study in historical sociolinguistics beyond Europe:reconstructing patterns of multilingualism of a language community in Siberia. Journal ofHistorical Sociolinguistics 4(2). 221–251.Kılınç, Gülşah Merve, et al. 2021. Human population dynamics and Yersinia pestis in ancientnortheast Asia. Science Advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science 7(2).eabc4587.Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2009. Intensive Contact and the Copying of Paradigms: An Ėven Dialect inContact with Sakha (Yakut). Journal of Language Contact Varia 2. 85–110.Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2019. Direct copying of inflectional paradigms: Evidence from Lamunkhin Even.Language 95(3). e364–e380.Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2020. Contact and Siberian languages. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), The Handbook ofLanguage Contact, 2nd edition, 669–688. Malden, Mass. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Pugach, Irina, et al. 2016. The Complex Admixture History and Recent Southern Origins of SiberianPopulations. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33(7). 1777–1795.Pupynina, Maria & Natalia Aralova. 2021. Lower Kolyma multilingualism: Historical setting andsociolinguistic trends. International Journal of Bilingualism 25(4). 1081– 1101.Reuse, W.J. de. 1994. Siberian Yupik Eskimo: The Language and Its Contacts with Chukchi. (Ed.) W.R.Miller. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Sikora, Martin, et al. 2019. The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene.Nature 570(7760). 182–188.Stapert, Eugénie. 2013. Contact-induced change in Dolgan: An investigation into the role of linguisticdata for the reconstruction of a people’s (pre)history (LOT Dissertation Series 336). Utrecht:LOT.Starcev, Anatolij Fedorovič. 2014. Problema etnogeneza i etničeskoj istorii negidal’cev [Problems ofthe ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Negidals]. In Anatolij Fedorovič Starcev, DmitrijViktorovič Jančev & V.L. Larin (eds.), Istorija i kul’tura negidal’cev: istoriko-etnografičeskieočerki [The history and culture of the Negidals: Historical and ethnographic sketches], 22–41.Vladivostok: Dal’nauka.Tambets, Kristiina, et al. 2018. Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for mostof the Uralic-speaking populations. Genome Biology 19(1). 139.Vaxtin, N.B. 2001. Jazyki narodov severa v XX veke. Očerki jazykovogo sdviga. [The languages of thepeoples of the north in the 20th century. Sketches of language shift.]. St Petersburg:Evropejskij Universitet v Sankt-Peterburge.Zgusta, Richard. 2015. The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time. Precolonial Ethnic and CulturalProcesses along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait. Leiden, Boston: Brill
Teko filler baʔe
No full textCette collection de données accompagne un article sur le filler baʔe du teko, une langue tupi-guarani parlée en Guyane française et aussi connue sous le nom émérillon (Glotto: emer1243 ; ISO 639-3: eme).Rose, Françoise. One more thing ‘thing’ can do in Tupí-Guaraní languages : the Teko filler. In Pakendorf, Brigitte & Rose, Françoise (eds.), Fillers: hesitatives and placeholders, à paraître
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
I always migrated by reindeer: Lamunkhin and Bystraja Even narratives about their traditional way of life
No full textEven is an endangered Northern Tungusic language spoken in numerous small settlements by formerly completely nomadic hunters and reindeer herders dispersed over northeastern Siberia, from the Lena-Yana watershed in the west to the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka in the east. This geographical spread has led to considerable dialectal fragmentation, with substantial differences between the peripheral dialects, not least due to differential contact influence.
This text collection contains a selection of monological narratives from two geographically distant and linguistically divergent Even dialects: Lamunkhin Even spoken in the village Sebjan-Küöl in the Kobjaj district of Central Yakutia, and Bystraja Even spoken in two villages of the Bystraja district of Central Kamchatka. Of these, the Lamunkhin dialect is still relatively viable, being spoken by some children and adolescents, while Bystraja Even is highly endangered, with no fluent speakers younger than 50 years.
The overall theme of the volume is the traditional Even way of life, namely reindeer herding and hunting and, in Kamchatka, fishing. Reindeer herding has always been a defining way of life of the Evens and other so-called Indigenous Small-numbered Peoples of the North; this is reflected in their language, culture, and identity. However, it is becoming increasingly endangered, making its documentation important for anthropologists and community members alike.
The collection comprises excerpts from 16 recordings made between 2007 and 2010 and amounting to nearly 8,000 words in total. Excerpts were chosen to be maximally informative with respect to the traditional way of life, but also to be interesting to read and to include linguistically interesting and important features of Even. In order to make the texts usable for the Even communities, a vernacular version of each text is included. This consists of the Cyrillic transcription used in the communities with a parallel Russian translation.
The preparation of the data for this text collection and further transformation into the CLDF format was supported by the DFG grant #517860213 “Open Text Collections”
The shift of [s] to [h] in Sakha (Yakut) – external influence or internal change?
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The impact of migration: prehistoric interactions in southern Africa and their linguistic and genetic consequences
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