7 research outputs found
Pilgusadu läbi elu: Ono no Komachi tõlkimisest / Falling Like Rain through Life: Translating Ono no Komachi
No full textAccording to Boris Tomashevski it is very important to differentiate writers with a biography from writers without a biography. In the case of writers with a biography, the life story becomes and important supplement to reading and understanding the text. It makes little difference whether the story is true or not. This article takes a look at the 9th century Japane se poet Ono no Komachi, who is considered to be one of the greate st poet s of the Early Classical period. Although her poems were most likely written by many different authors (some presumably even men), the biographical narratives supplementing the texts have created a singular image of the author, which hides the underlying multiplicity of writers. The passion inherent in the poems has fuelled the imagination of storytellers, who have envisioned the author as a beautiful proud woman who was utterly dissatisfied with the way the natural course of things slowly deprived her of the beauty she was once famous for. Medieval Nō plays portray her as coldhearted lover who treats her men cruelly and ends her life as an impoverished old hag living in a dilapidated hut somewhere in the outskirts of the capital. Although almost nothing is known about the historical author and we can be confident that the different accounts of her life are fictional in nature, the subsequent translators and commentaries of her work cannot discard this imaginary tale, since it helps to clarify the ambiguities inherent in Komachi’s rethorically complex writing, which makes extensive use of pivot-words and associative techniques.This article focuses mainly on the Estonian translations of the poem number 113 in the Kokinshū (Collection of Early and Modern Japanese Poetry, 905) and discusses the possibilities inherent in the original text, based on the modern edition of the anthology. Estonian translators Rein Raud and Uku Masing have both resorted to the traditional image of a proud (k yōman) woman, which can be traced back to various historical sources and commentaries on this particular poem. This becomes a key issue in understanding the nature of the authors gaze, since the meaning ‘long rain’ (naga-ame) is skillfully embedded in the verb ‘to gaze’ (nagame) the translator has to find ways to create a nondual experience, where the subject and the object become one in the act of gazing. Rein Raud, a trained Japanese philologist, solves this issue by talking about the vanity and the impermanence of world (mujōkan), which reinforces the traditional Buddhist reading of text (everything in this world passes away – flowers wither and women lose their beauty). In his rendering, Ono no Komachi becomes a philosopher, who understands the nature of reality and almost overcomes her attachment to beauty. Uku Masing’s theoretical commentaries on waka show that although he did not master the Japanese language, he understood that Japanese contained ‘magic words’ (nõiasõna), which should be preserved in translation. Thus he opts for pilgusadu (rain of gazes), which comes close to the ambivalent nature of the original. Uku Masing’s transla-tion reminds Burton Watson’s reading (The beauty of the flowers faded – / no one cared – / and I w a t c h e d m y s e l f / grow old in the world / as the long rains were falling), which outlines the vanity of the women who are constantly worried about their looks. The gaze turns back at women herself – she is constantly worried how other see her and whether they notice how she is getting older. The image of the author created by these translators is very different (the gaze of the philosopher as opposed to the gaze of the woman obsessed with beauty), but both readings are supported by the ambiguous nature of the original.Looking at different translations, we see that modern translations fall into a long line of different readings, which start with the compiler of Kokinshū Ki no Tsurayuki who envisioned Komachi as ‘beautiful sick woman’ and talked about the certain ‘lack of strength’ in her waka, which, in his view, made her poems especially good. The translators have used this as a reliable source, since it is the oldest commentary, but some confusion arises from the fact that Tsurayuki is not describing the historical person, but the effect her texts have on the reader. This article uses terminology coined by Wolf Schmid, which helps to differentiate concrete author (historical person) and the abstract author (image created by the reading). Schmid tells us that the abstract author is constructed by the readers on the basis of the creator as she shows herself inside her creative deeds. In this theoretical framework the translator appear s as the reader who is influenced both by the supplemented life stor y, his own experience of reading the texts and, last but not least, the way that a male translator gazes at the beautiful woman gazing at the withering flowers in the garden. Acknowledging the multiplicity of abstract authors created in different readings of texts leads to very bold translations such as Hasso Krull’s translation presented in this article, which envisons Komachi as a modern, tired woman who suffers from insomnia and does not recognize herself in the mirror
Planning of the new distribution logistics model based on Eesti Post Haapsalu Ltd
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks on AS Eesti Posti Haapsalu kandekeskuses aja jooksul välja kujunenud jaotusringide analüüs ja efektiivsemaks muutmine pakikastide abil. Eesmärgi saavutamiseks kogus autor andmeid ettevõtte jaotusvedude kohta, et kaardistada hetkeolukord ja välja töötada uus võimalik jaotusmudel. Peale hetkeolukorra analüüsi tuli paika panna metoodika, mis aitaks välja töötada võimalikult efektiivse jaotusringi. Peale sobivate meetodite valimist koostati uued jaotusringid, mida hiljem analüüsiti. Uue mudeli koostamine andis võimaluse teha ettevõttele parandusettepanekuid ettevõtte edasises jaotuslogistika planeerimises. Veoringide optimeerimiseks kasutas autor aja kokku surumise meetodit, rändkaupmehe ülesannet ja lühima teekonna meetodit. Rändkaupmehe ülesannet ja lühima teekonna meetodit kasutas autor uute veoringide koostamisel selleks, et vähendada võimalusel veovahendite päevast läbisõitu kogu autopargi lõikes. Aja kokku surumise meetodi valis autor seetõttu, et vähendada liinil oldud aega. Lisaks veoringide optimeerimisele oli uute veoringide koostamisel eesmärk veovahendite mahutavuse maksimaalne kasutamine ja seeläbi veovahendite hulga vähendamine. Tuginedes eelpool välja toodud eesmärkidele ja meetoditele, koostas autor uued veoringid, kasutades teenuse efektiivsemaks pakkumiseks pakikaste. Pakikastid võimaldasid suurendada veovahendite päevast läbisõitu ja tööaja pikkust. Tänu eelpool mainitud muudatustele, vähenes veovahendite hulk seitsmelt autolt viiele, mis omakorda võimaldas vähendada kulutusi aastas ligi 47000 eurot. Analüüsi tulemustele tuginedes tegi autor ettevõttele järgmised ettepanekud: • Võtta kasutusele pakikastid, mis on sarnased ettevõttes praegusel hetkel kasutatavatele pakiautomaatidele • Optimeerida veoringe • Pikendada töötajate tööpäeva pikkust • Veoringide optimeerimine ja töötajate tööpäeva pikkuse suurendamine annab võimaluse vähendada veovahendite arvu seitsmelt viiele • Kasutada veoringide optimeerimisel antud töös kasutatavaid meetodeid, mis annavad võimaluse pakkuda antud teenust oluliselt efektiivsemalt Autor soovitab käesolev jaotusmudeli analüüs teostada ka ettevõtte teistes piirkondades.The aim of this thesis was to analyze the distribution logistics which has formulated over time and making it more effective by using parcel boxes in Eesti Post Haapsalu Ltd. To reach the purpose the author collected data that regarded the current distribution logistics to work out a new possible distribution model. After the examination of current situation the new method had to be chosen for the purpose of having the most optimized logistical solution. After that a new data collection was made to see the difference between the former and current situation so it was possible to present a new prototype to the organization to make their existing one better. To optimize the system the author used the time compression management, the travelling salesman problem and the method of shortest route. The last two were used to minimize the mileage of all cars in that company if possible. And time compression management was picked to decrease the time spent on doing the job. In addition to optimizing the distribution logistics the aim was to maximize the capacity of vehicles. By using the posed methods and objectives the author composed new methods by using parcel boxes. Which helped to increase the daily mileage and the length of working hours. Due to previously mentioned modification the number of vehicles used for that job went down from seven to five which helped to reduce the organizations costs by 470000 euros a year. The author made the following recommendations to the organization after the analysis results: To use parcel boxes. They are similar to parcel machines currently used in the organization To optimize their distribution logistics To increase the working hours of employees To use given methods which are helping to make the service more effectiv
Railroad Crossing Options for Pedestrians in Tallinn-Pääsküla Line
No full textKäesolevas lõputöös selgus, et olukord on suhteliselt kesine ehk reaalne vajadus uutele ülekäigu kohtadele oleks. Võrreldes legaalsete ja illegaalsete ülekäikude arvu on nende vahe pea kahekordne. Käsitletaval raudteelõigul on väga palju ebaseaduslikke ületusi. Selgema pildi saamiseks, kui palju kergliiklejaid reaalset üle raudtee läheb selleks mitte ettenähtud kohast sai teostatud loendus. Loendus leidis aset aprilli kuus ühe terve nädala jooksul peatuste "Järve" ja "Rahumäe" vahelisel lõigul. Arvesse võeti hommikust ja õhtust tipptundi ning liiklejate poolest intensiivsemat keskpäevast kellaaega. Tulemused olid aga ootuspärasest kõrgemad – keskmiselt terve nädala arvestuses ühe tunni jooksul tipptundide ajal oli kergliiklejaid ületamas ~38. Kuna loendust tehti kahel järjestikusel aastal, on märgata kergliiklejate intensiivsuse kasvu. Päevasel ajal sõltuvalt kellaajast sõidab raudteel 5-10 raudteeveeremit tunni vältel. Möödunud aasta keskpaigust liiguvad raudteel reisijateveoks uued rongid, mis on küll silmapaistvad ja oranžid, kuid see-eest vaiksemad ning neid ei pruugi nii hästi kuulda kui vanu ronge. Lisaks on alust arvata, et ronge võib hakata tihemini liikuma kui seni, aga juhul kui tekib selleks reisijate poolne vajadus. Samas on näha, et tegeletakse raudtee ületamise turvalisemaks muutmisega – vähendatakse ebaseaduslike kohti ning rajatakse piirdeaedu. Ehedaimaks näiteks saab tuua Lilleküla kergliiklejatele tehtud avar tunnel. Alternatiivsed variandid raudtee ületamiseks tunduvad kohati üsna tülikad ning aega nõudvad. Lõputöö lõpplahendusena näeb autor uut rajatavat seaduslikku ületuskohta. Autori eelistatud variant on eritasandiline lahenduskäik ehk tunnel, kuna on tunduvalt turvalisem samatasandilisest ülekäigust.The aim of the present thesis “Railroad crossing options for pedestrians in Tallinn-Pääsküla railroad line” is to change railroad crossing safer and securer for pedestrians so they would not be in danger when they cross it. Pedestrians mainly include people on foot, cyclists, people with disabilities etc. The problem lies in unofficial illegal crossings created by pedestrians, although there are laws that forbid it. To get a clear picture the author has done different observations, censuses, and displayed data in charts. The results revealed that there is a real need for new crosswalks because there are a lot of crossings in unofficial places. Different statistics on railroad accidents are also displayed. A non-profit organisation OLE (Operation Lifesaver Estonia), which started in America, prevents accidents and informs people about the dangers of the railroad. In conclusion, the author suggests two options for a safer railroad crossing – a tunnel and a same level railroad crosswalk for pedestrians
Teaching aid for usage of rotary table
No full textMagistritöö
Tootmistehnika õppekavalEMÜ TI õppekavades pakutava õppe sisu peab olema tehnoloogiliselt võimalikult
mitmekülgne. Senini puudub Tehnikainstituudi õppetöös 3+1 töötluse pöördlaua osa.
Päevakorda kerkis vajadus ja võimalus koostada õppevahend, mis on sobiv õppeainete “APJ
seadmete” ja “CAM-süsteemid I” läbiviimisel.
Lõputöö eesmärgiks oli tutvuda Eesti Maaülikooli Tehnikainstituudi CNC laboris oleva
õppeeksperimentaal APJ freespingi lisaseadmega ning arendada pöördlaua põhjal
laboratoorsete tööde kogumik, mis sisaldab kaasaegset CAM-süsteemide tundmaõppimist,
töötlemiskeskuse üles seadistamist ja on seotud erinevate tootmis valdkondadega. Vastava
süsteemi võimaluste detailine tundmine on insenerikutse üheks vajalikuks osaks. Eesmärgini
jõudmiseks uuriti pöördlaua HRT160 olemust ja tehnoloogilisi võimalusi. Loodi
puuduolevad abitarvikud ning laboratoorsete tööde kogumik. Töö tulemusena valmis
õppevahend, kasutamiseks tootmistehnika alases kõrghariduses EMÜ TI’s, mis annab juurde
uue väljundi tootmistehnika alasesse kõrghariduse õppesse Eesti Maaülikooli
Tehnikainstituudis ja Tartu Tehnikakolledžis.The content of the curriculum offered by the EMÜ TI curricula must be as technologically
diverse as possible. So far there is no part of the 3+1 milling in the Institute of Technology.
There was a need and opportunity to create an educational tool that is suitable for subjects
“APJ seadmed” and “CAM-süsteemid I”.
The aim of the thesis was to explore the rotary table HRT160 and develop a collection of
laboratory works based on a rotary table, that includes modern knowledge of CAM systems,
setting up a work place and are related to different manufacturing areas. Knowledge of the
capabilities of that kind of system is an essential part of engineering.
To achieve the goal, has the author of the thesis made research of rotary table HRT160,
developed missing parts and made a collection of laboratory works. The result of the work
was a completed educational tool for higher education in manufacturing technology at EMU
TI, which provides a new output for higher education in manufacturing technology at the
Estonian University of Life Sciences Institute of Technology and Tartu Technical College
Yrityksen sisäinen valvonta : maksuliikenteen kontrollitoimenpiteet Case: Yritys X Oy
No full textTämän opinnäytetyön toimeksiantajana toimii taloushallinnon palveluja tarjoava yritys. Tavoitteena on selvittää kohdeyrityksen sisäisen valvonnan nykytilaa ja kartoittaa mahdollisia kehittämiskohteita.
Työn teoriaosuudessa konkretisoidaan sisäisen valvonnan käsitteen sisältöä käytännön tasolla. Lainsäädännön vaatimusten kartoituksen jälkeen aihetta käsitellään lähdekirjallisuuden pohjalta. Käyttökelpoiseksi ratkaisuksi valikoitui aiheen käsittely COSO-mallin mukaisen viitekehyksen avulla.
Käytännön osuudessa selvitetään viitekehyksen mukaisten osatekijöiden ilmenemistä yrityksessä sen omien ohjeistusten ja dokumenttien pohjalta. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena toimintatutkimuksena, jossa teoria ja käytäntö ovat vuorovaikutuksessa. Tuloksen luotettavuutta pyrittiin parantamaan toteuttamalla suppea itsearviointikysely sisäisen valvonnan toimivuudesta. Kuvaa täydennettiin esimieshaastattelulla.
Kontrollit ovat tärkeä osa sisäisen valvonnan käytännön toteutusta. Koska opinnäytetyön tekijä toimi työharjoittelijana maksuliikenneprosessiin liittyvissä tehtävissä, se valikoitui esimerkkiprosessiksi, jonka pohjalta pyrittiin saamaan käsitys kontrolleista ja niiden toimivuudesta. Kohdeyrityksen kontrollien dokumentaatioon perehtymisen lisäksi näkemystä kontrollien toimivuudesta ja kehitystarpeista pyrittiin tarkentamaan maksuliikennetiimin puitteissa toteutetun kyselyn ja esimieshaastattelun pohjalta.
Opinnäytetyön tutkimustuloksena voidaan kohdeyrityksen sisäisen valvonnan todeta olevan laajasti dokumentoitu ja toimiva. Samaa voidaan todeta myös esimerkkiprosessin kontrolleista. Ohjelmistouudistusten ja muidenkin muutosten keskellä niin kontrollien kuin sisäisen valvonnan laajemminkin tulisi pysyä muutostahdissa mukana. Tämä edellyttää jatkuvaa panostusta kehitystyöhön, jotta dokumentaatio, tieto ja menettelyt saadaan pidettyä ajan tasalla.The commissioner for this thesis is a company providing financial services. The objective is to clarify the present state of the internal supervision inside the target company and to find out possible subjects of development.
The theory describes the contents of the concept, internal supervision on the practical level. After the charting of the demands of the legislation the subject is discussed based on the literature. The frame of reference was selected to be the feasible way to handle the subject, which is in accordance with the COSO model.
The practical part clarifies the factors in accordance with the frame based on the target company’s own instructions and documents. The study was carried out as a qualitative analysis in which the theory and the practice interact. The validity of the result was supported by carrying out a small self-assessment questionnaire from the functionality of the internal supervision. The overall status was supplemented by an interview with superiors.
The controls are an important part of the internal supervision's practical realization. As the author acted as trainee in the tasks related to the payment traffic process, payments control was selected to be an example process. In addition to the studying the documentation of the controls of the target company, the focus was on the functionality of the controls and on the needs for development based on the inquiry and superior interview.
Results show that the supervision inside the target company is documented widely and is operating well. The same applies to the controls of the example process. In the middle of software reforms and other changes, controls and internal supervision should be kept up more widely with the pace of change. This requires a constant input into the development work so that the documentation, the information and procedures stay up to date
The EU factor in the trade policies of Central European countries
No full textThe author examines the development of foreign trade institutions and policies in Central European countries invited to negotiate their accession to the European Union. With the dismantling of state trading, conditions of market access have been dramatically liberalized. However, except for Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the Czech Republic, most Central European countries have followed a policy of bilateral rather than multilateral trade liberalization. The fall in tariff rates on preferential imports has prompted a search for non-tariff barriers, but these countries'trade regimes have remained open - which is surprising, considering the strong protectionist sentiments in economic administration. Regional disciplines (the EU factor), combined with the legacy of low tariffs under GATT commitments, appear to have been responsible for this openness. Foreign trade policy has been shaped by tensions between domestic protectionist impulses and pressures from the European Union (and other World Trade organization members) to improve conditions of market access.Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Trade Policy,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Rules of Origin,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Trade Policy,Environmental Economics&Policies,Trade and Regional Integration,Economic Theory&Research
Case Studies on Impediments to Exports in Small Transition Economies
No full textThis series of enterprise case studies grew out from a 1995-1996 research project at IIASA. It acknowledged the importance of export development for the recovery of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe following their deep transformational recession in 1990-1994. The main goal was a systematic empirical analysis of the different kinds of impediments to exports in various small East European countries. The project included the coordinated elaboration of country studies for seven small transitional economies (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) and the writing of three topical studies. The authors of the country studies and the author of the topical study on Russia were requested to base their work on 20 enterprise case studies each (eventually the Russian study was based on 10 cases). Before the start of the research a common scheme of the enterprise case studies was discussed and agreed upon with the authors. After completing their work the authors were asked to supplement a short version of their case studies to their main text. Eventually it was decided that, due to the length of the full text, two related publications would be arranged, one book made up of the country studies and topical studies, and another of the enterprise case studies. The book was published by Edward Elgar: Cooper, R. and Gács, J. (Eds.) (1997) Trade Growth in Transition Economies: Export Impediments for Central and Eastern Europe, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK. The second publication is the present series of case studies
