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Testing quality in interlingual respeaking and other methods of interlingual live subtitling
No full textLa sottotitolazione in tempo reale (Live Subtitling, LS), trova le sue fondamenta nella sottotitolazione preregistrata per non udenti e ipoudenti per la produzione di sottotitoli per eventi o programmi televisivi dal vivo. La sottotitolazione live comporta il trasferimento da un contenuto orale a uno scritto (traduzione intersemiotica) e può essere effettuata da e verso la stessa lingua (intralinguistica), o da una lingua a un’altra (interlinguistica), fornendo così accessibilità per soggetti non udenti e al tempo stesso garantendo accesso multilingue ai contenuti audiovisivi.
La sottotitolazione interlinguistica in tempo reale (d'ora in poi indicata come ILS, Interlingual Live Subtitling) viene attualmente realizzata con diversi metodi: l'attenzione è qui posta sulla tecnica del respeaking interlinguistico, uno dei metodi di sottotitolazione in tempo reale o speech-to-text interpreting (STTI) che ha suscitato negli ultimi anni un crescente interesse, anche nel panorama italiano.
Questa tesi di Dottorato intende fornire un quadro della letteratura e della ricerca sul respeaking intralinguistico e interlinguistico fino ad oggi, con particolare enfasi sulla situazione attuale in Italia di questa pratica.
L'obiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di esplorare diversi metodi di ILS, mettendone in luce i punti di forza e le debolezze nel tentativo di informare il settore delle potenzialità e dei rischi che possono riflettersi sulla qualità complessiva finale dei sottotitoli attraverso l’utilizzo di diverse tecniche. Per fare ciò, sono stati testati in totale cinque metodi di ILS con diversi gradi di interazione uomo-macchina; ciascun metodo è stato analizzato in termini di qualità, quindi non solo dal punto di vista dell'accuratezza linguistica, ma anche considerando un altro fattore cruciale quale il ritardo nella trasmissione dei sottotitoli stessi. Nello svolgimento della ricerca sono stati condotti due casi di studio con diverse coppie linguistiche: il primo esperimento (dall'inglese all'italiano) ha testato e valutato la qualità di respeaking interlinguistico, interpretazione simultanea insieme a respeaking intralinguistico e, infine, interpretazione simultanea e sistema di riconoscimento automatico del parlato (Automatic Speech Recognition, ASR). Il secondo esperimento (dallo spagnolo all'italiano) ha valutato e confrontato cinque i metodi: i primi tre appena menzionati e altri due in cui la macchina svolgeva la maggior parte se non la totalità del lavoro: respeaking intralinguistico e traduzione automatica (Machine Translation, MT), e ASR con MT.
Sono stati offerti due laboratori di respeaking interlinguistico nel Corso magistrale in Traduzione e Interpretazione dell'Università di Genova per preparare gli studenti agli esperimenti, volti a testare diversi moduli di formazione sull'ILS e la loro efficacia sull’apprendimento degli studenti. Durante le fasi di test, agli studenti sono stati assegnati diversi ruoli per ogni metodo, producendo sottotitoli interlinguistici live a partire dallo stesso testo di partenza: un video di un discorso originale completo durante un evento dal vivo. Le trascrizioni ottenute, sotto forma di sottotitoli, sono state analizzate utilizzando il modello NTR (Romero-Fresco & Pöchhacker, 2017) e per ciascun metodo è anche stato calcolato il ritardo.
I risultati quantitativi preliminari derivanti dalle analisi NTR e dal calcolo del ritardo sono stati confrontati con altri due casi di studio condotti dall'Università di Vigo (Spagna) e dall'Università del Surrey (Gran Bretagna), sottolineando come i flussi di lavoro più automatizzati o completamente automatizzati siano effettivamente più veloci degli altri, ma al contempo presentino ancora diversi problemi di traduzione e di punteggiatura. Anche se su scala ridotta, la ricerca dimostra anche quanto sia urgente e possa potenzialmente essere facile formare i traduttori e gli interpreti sul respeaking durante il loro percorso accademico, grazie anche al loro spiccato interesse per la materia.
Si spera che i risultati ottenuti possano meglio mettere in luce le ripercussioni dell'uso dei diversi metodi a confronto, nonché indurre un'ulteriore riflessione sull'importanza dell'interazione umana con i sistemi automatici di traduzione e di riconoscimento del parlato nel fornire accessibilità di alta qualità per eventi dal vivo. Si spera inoltre che l’interesse degli studenti in questo campo, che era a loro completamente sconosciuto prima di questa ricerca, possa informare sull'urgenza di sensibilizzare gli studenti nel campo della sottotitolazione dal vivo attraverso il respeaking.Live subtitling (LS) finds its foundations in pre-recorded subtitling for the d/Deaf and hard of hearing (SDH) to produce real-time subtitles for live events and programs. LS implies the transfer from oral into written content (intersemiotic translation) and can be carried out from and to the same language (intralingual), or from one language to another (interlingual) to provide full accessibility for all, therefore combining SDH to the need of guaranteeing multilingual access as well. Interlingual Live Subtitling (from now on referred to as ILS) in real-time is currently being achieved by using different methods: the focus here is placed on interlingual respeaking as one of the currently used methods of LS – also referred to in this work as speech-to-text interpreting (STTI) – which has triggered growing interest also in the Italian industry over the past years.
The hereby presented doctoral thesis intends to provide a wider picture of the literature and the research on intralingual and interlingual respeaking to the date, emphasizing the current situation in Italy in this practice.
The aim of the research was to explore different ILS methods through their strengths and weaknesses, in an attempt to inform the industry on the impact that both potentialities and risks can have on the final overall quality of the subtitles with the involvement of different techniques in producing ILS. To do so, five ILS workflows requiring human and machine interaction to different extents were tested overall in terms of quality, thus not only from a linguistic accuracy point of view, but also considering another crucial factor such as delay in the broadcast of the subtitles. Two case studies were carried out with different language pairs: a first experiment (English to Italian) tested and assessed quality in interlingual respeaking on one hand, then simultaneous interpreting (SI) combined with intralingual respeaking, and SI and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) on the other. A second experiment (Spanish to Italian) evaluated and compared all the five methods: the first three again, and two others more machine-centered: intralingual respeaking combined with machine translation (MT), and ASR with MT.
Two workshops in interlingual respeaking were offered at the master’s degree in Translation and Interpreting from the University of Genova to prepare students for the experiments, aimed at testing different training modules on ILS and their effectiveness on students’ learning outcomes. For the final experiments, students were assigned different roles for each tested method and performed different required tasks producing ILS from the same source text: a video of a full original speech at a live event. The obtained outputs were analyzed using the NTR model (Romero-Fresco & Pöchhacker, 2017) and the delay was calculated for each method.
Preliminary quantitative results deriving from the NTR analyses and the calculation of delay were compared to other two case studies conducted by the University of Vigo and the University of Surrey, showing that more and fully-automated workflows are, indeed, faster than the others, while they still present several important issues in translation and punctuation. Albeit on a small scale, the research also shows how urgent and potentially easy could be to educate translators and interpreters in respeaking during their training phase, given their keen interest in the subject matter.
It is hoped that the results obtained can better shed light on the repercussions of the use of different methods and induce further reflection on the importance of human interaction with automatic machine systems in providing high quality accessibility at live events. It is also hoped that involved students’ interest in this field, which was completely unknown to them prior to this research, can inform on the urgency of raising students’ awareness and competence acquisition in the field of live subtitling through respeaking
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Optimal control transport of neutral atoms in optical tweezers at finite temperature
Get PDFThe transport of neutral atoms in Rydberg quantum computers is a crucial step of the initial arrangement of the grid as well as to the dynamic connectivity, recently successfully demonstrated. We study the application of optimal control and the quantum speed limit for the transport of neutral atoms in optical tweezers at finite temperatures and analyze how laser noise affects transport fidelity. Open-loop optimal control significantly enhances transport fidelity, achieving an improvement up to for the lowest analyzed temperature of K for a distance of three micrometers. Furthermore, we simulate how the transport fidelity behaves in release-and-capture measurements, which are realizable in the experiment to estimate transport efficiency and implement closed-loop optimal control.5 pages, 8 figure
Ab-initio tree-tensor-network digital twin for quantum computer benchmarking in 2D
Get PDFLarge-scale numerical simulations of the Hamiltonian dynamics of a Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computer - a digital twin - could play a major role in developing efficient and scalable strategies for tuning quantum algorithms for specific hardware. Via a two-dimensional tensor network digital twin of a Rydberg atom quantum computer, we demonstrate the feasibility of such a program. In particular, we quantify the effects of gate crosstalks induced by the van der Waals interaction between Rydberg atoms: according to an 88 digital twin simulation based on the current state-of-the-art experimental setups, the initial state of a five-qubit repetition code can be prepared with a high fidelity, a first indicator for a compatibility with fault-tolerant quantum computing. The preparation of a 64-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state with about 700 gates yields a fidelity in a closed system while achieving a speedup of via parallelization.17 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables; minor updates in the conclusion for clarification and fix of some typo
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
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Orientarsi tra due mondi: i percorsi linguistici di Unige tra scuola e università
Get PDFThis paper illustrates the activities proposed by the Department of Modern Languages and Cultures (DLCM) of the University of Genoa, carried out within the framework of the POT (Plans for Orientation and Tutoring) and PCTO (Pathways for Transversal Competences and Orientation) projects promoted by MIUR, starting from 2017 and addressed to students of secondary schools. The described workshop experiences focus on two macro-areas in particular: on the one hand, an experiential pathway on the profession of interpreter; on the other, the enhancement of language skills. In conclusion, future objectives are described in the perspective of a more inclusive university
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