1,721,316 research outputs found
Marxism and the City
No full textIn this chapter, the author summarises how Marxist theory relates to urban areas and describes the evolution of this body of thought during the post-war period. For Marxists, modern cities are “capitalist cities”, not merely “cities in a capitalist society”, and are shaped in key respects by the dynamics of capitalist accumulation. It is within this context that Marx confronts the specificity of the capitalist city, arguing that the distinction between city and countryside is a constitutive element of the capitalist division of labour. The specificity of urban areas rests with the ways in which they bring together labour, capital and land to form a dynamic and spatially-uneven configuration of productive resources. The approach developed by Marx and Engels explains the historical development of urban areas by referring to the transformations generated by capitalist relations of production in agriculture and manufacturing. The former is theorised in terms of “primitive accumulation” – the expropriation and enclosure of common lands – which led to the exclusion of agricultural labourers from the means of agricultural production, whilst the latter entailed a rapid expansion in the demand for labour in the industrial centres
Distressed Relationships: Does Counselling Help? Report to Marriage and Relationship Counselling Services
No full text
Presentazione del volume ''Sociologia dell'Istruzione'' di Gabriele Ballarino e Nazareno Panichella
No full textIl libro presenta un quadro d’insieme della sociologia dell’istruzione, la disciplina scientifica che studia la scuola, il suo funzionamento e la sua posizione nelle società contemporanee. Esso si rivolge anzitutto agli studenti universitari di primo livello: si dà molto poco per scontato e si spiegano in modo semplice e dettagliato tutti i concetti e le teorie, anche quelli elementari. Il quadro dei sistemi scolastici contemporanei che fornisce è sistematico, e si basa sui risultati della ricerca più recenti. L’importanza della scuola e le sue strette relazioni con tutti gli ambiti della società (economia, politica, lavoro, organizzazioni, famiglia e così via) ne fanno uno strumento utile anche come introduzione alla sociologia e alle scienze sociali contemporanee
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Peer effects in education
No full textIn the social sciences, the term “peer effects” has been widely used to describe the various ways in which individual behaviors and attitudes can be influenced by friends, acquaintances, and the wider social environment. Due to the crucial role of social interactions within the school context, the role of peers in shaping academic outcomes has been under scrutiny for decades. Following seminal work by Manski, we distinguish between three different components of peer influence: endogenous (where the behavior of an individual varies in accordance with the behavior of the peer group), exogenous (where the behavior of an individual varies with the characteristics of the members of the peer group), and correlated (where the behavior of individuals is shaped by shared environmental or institutional factors). By estimating a simultaneous autoregressive model, we assess the relative strength of these three forms of peer influence in relation to secondary school exam results in a large sample of Italian school-leavers. One limitation is that we are only able to observe peer influence within the classroom, while another is that the study is confined to a specific moment in time, which comes quite late in young people’s educational trajectories. The results confirm that peer processes play an important role in the reproduction of social inequalities, against the backdrop of institutional criteria for the selection of students into schools and classes. These factors therefore demand the sustained attention of educational administrators and policymakers
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
- …
