1,720,959 research outputs found
Thermal stability in exchange-spring chains of spins
Full text linkThermal stability and switching behaviour have been compared in pure-hard and soft–hard Heisenberg linear spin chains of the same total length and equal magnetic parameters (except for magnetic anisotropy) with the anisotropy axis and external magnetic field parallel to the chain direction. The zero-temperature energy barriers and finite-temperature transition rates between remanent equilibrium states have been calculated by utilizing the string method and the forward flux sampling (FFS) method, respectively. Depending on the assumed interfaces, the FFS method could in fact fail to correctly sample the characteristic transition paths at interfaces at which these paths have probabilities much lower than those associated with other non-characteristic transition paths. This can especially occur in the case of the asymmetric energy landscapes and multiple asymmetric minimum energy paths (MEPs) of soft–hard systems. Therefore, a proper interface definition is needed in order to deduce the correct transition rates. In particular, we show that the thermal switching of soft–hard chains starting in the soft or in the hard part turns out to occur with an equal rate provided that the interfaces of the FFS method are defined on the basis of the corresponding zero-temperature MEPs. The thermal stability of a soft–hard chain in the remanent equilibrium state could be to some extent lower with respect to that of a pure-hard chain, due to the shorter hard-part length crossed by the domain wall formed in the chain and also to the related slightly smaller energy barrier. However, its switching field at zero temperature is verified to be widely lower than that of the pure-hard chain. Analytical expressions of switching fields and energy barriers have been deduced in various cases
Inclusion of surface anisotropy in the micromagnetic analysis of exchange-coupled hard/soft bilayers
Full text linkThe effects of surface anisotropy and interface anisotropy in soft and hard layers have been considered in the frame of a previously developed micromagnetic continuum model for the study of demagnetization processes in exchange-coupled bi- and multi-layers of soft/hard-type with planar and perpendicular anisotropy, in order to extend and generalize it. In particular, fields applied along the easy direction and strong interface ferromagnetic coupling have been considered. The theoretical results have been applied to a bilayer with perpendicular anisotropy in the hard layer and positive perpendicular surface anisotropy in the soft layer, in order to compare them with those obtained by considering the equivalent volume anisotropy in the soft layer. Moreover, the separate effects of positive perpendicular surface and interface anisotropies in the bilayer have been compared. We have deduced the nucleation field equation and obtained plots of the nucleation field as a function of the soft layer thickness and of the surface and interface anisotropies. Demagnetization curves have been also calculated. The nucleation process can be reversible (exchange-spring (ES) regime) or irreversible (rigid magnet (RM) regime) depending on magnetic and geometrical parameters. The critical equation, which allows determining the boundary between RM and ES regions, has been deduced. Corresponding phase diagrams in the plane of soft and hard layer thickness have been obtained as a function of surface and interface anisotropies
Modeling of irreversible switching and viscosity phenomena in perpendicular thin films
No full textWe have developed a simple numerical model for simulating domains as well as remanence and viscosity curves in the slow dynamics regime, for thin films characterized by perpendicular magnetization and irregular domain configurations due to strong disorder. The physical system is represented as constituted of identical switching units, described by proper switching field distributions and energy barrier laws for pinning and nucleation processes. The model also includes an effective field which accounts for magnetic forces proportional to magnetization, on average. Simulations of DCD curves show that when the reversal of magnetization is governed by pinning, the coercive field depends on the physical size of the film area on which the external field is applied. In the case of viscosity phenomena described by a linear energy barrier law associated with a single predominant reversal process (pinning or nucleation), universal viscosity curves can be generated by properly transforming the DCD curve of the system. We also demonstrate that a reduction of the maximum viscosity coefficient can coexist with a reduction of the energy barrier heights
Continuum micromagnetic modeling of antiferromagnetically exchange-coupled multilayers
No full textThe micromagnetic continuum theory has been applied to perfect soft/hard multilayers characterized by antiferromagnetic interface coupling. The soft and hard phases have uniaxial anisotropy with a common direction, along which the external field is applied. The model assumes a nonuniform rotation of the magnetization, and it also considers an interface coupling that is reduced with respect to the strong-limit case. It is found that the deviation of the magnetization from the saturated antiparallel state can occur at two distinct nucleation fields, which mainly involve only one of the two phases. Moreover, in the case of a reduced interface coupling, the saturated parallel state becomes accessible and thus the nucleation from this state is taken into account. The critical equations have been deduced, allowing us to identify the conditions for which the nucleation regime changes from reversible to irreversible as a function of the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. The results of the model, applied to a typical soft/hard system with planar anisotropy, have been summarized in suitable phase diagrams, as a function of the layer thicknesses and of the strength of the interface coupling. The analysis, supported by additional static and dynamic micromagnetic simulations, shows the occurrence of a rich variety of magnetization curves. As a secondary result we have found that, in the parallel nucleation process, the influence of the interface coupling extends inside the two phases to distances appreciably larger than the corresponding Bloch wall widths
Characterization and modeling of the demagnetization processes in exchange-coupled SmCo5/Fe/SmCo5 trilayers
No full textThe demagnetization processes in epitaxially grown SmCo5 /Fe/SmCo5 trilayers have been analyzed in the framework of a one-dimensional micromagnetic model, exploiting the well-defined orientation of the easy magnetization axis present in both SmCo5 layers. The applied magnetic field is considered along easy, hard, and tilted directions. For the case of hard direction, the nucleation field equation and the analytical expression of the critical susceptibility are given. Due to the observed separate switching behavior of the two hard layers in the realized trilayers, the analysis also considers demagnetization processes in which the two hard layers have opposite magnetic polarization. Calculations based on the nominal values of the magnetic and geometric parameters for the ideal symmetric trilayer are only in qualitative agreement with the corresponding experimental
curves. In order to explain the discrepancies, the influence of variations in the parameters has been deeply analyzed, as well as the effect of a distribution of tilting angles of the hard layers anisotropy axes. In addition, we have extended the model to treat the case of a real asymmetric trilayer, characterized by slightly different anisotropy properties of the two hard layers, and we have derived the corresponding nucleation field equation for the case of easy direction. This analysis shows that a better agreement between calculations and measurements concerning the reversible behavior of the trilayers can be achieved by slightly modifying the nominal soft layer thickness and by assigning different tilting angles to the hard layers. Moreover, it shows that the remaining discrepancies can be ascribed to imperfections, which cannot be considered in detail in the one-dimensional model
Direct magnetocaloric characterization and simulation of thermomagnetic cycles
Full text linkn experimental setup for the direct measurement of the magnetocaloric effect capable of simulating high frequency magnetothermal cycles on laboratory-scale samples is described. The study of the magnetocaloric properties of working materials under operative conditions is fundamental for the development of innovative devices. Frequency and time dependent characterization can provide essential information on intrinsic features such as magnetic field induced fatigue in materials undergoing first order magnetic phase transitions. A full characterization of the adiabatic temperature change performed for a sample of Gadolinium across its Curie transition shows the good agreement between our results and literature data and in-field differential scanning calorimetry.RST/Radiation, Science and TechnologyApplied Science
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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